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The complications of diabetes can dramatically impair quality of life and cause long-lasting disability. Overall, complications are far less common and less severe in people with well-controlled blood sugar levels. [3] [4] [5] Some non-modifiable risk factors such as age at diabetes onset, type of diabetes, gender, and genetics may influence risk.
Non-freezing cold injuries (NFCI) is a class of tissue damage caused by sustained exposure to low temperature without actual freezing. [1] There are several forms of NFCI, and the common names may refer to the circumstances in which they commonly occur or were first described, such as trench foot, which was named after its association with trench warfare.
Nonfreezing cold injury commonly affects the feet due to prolonged exposure to wet socks or cold standing water. [4] Symptoms progress through a series of four stages. [4] [15] A severe case of trench foot. During cold exposure. Affected skin becomes numb, which can cause a clumsy walking pattern if the feet are affected
The pathological mechanism by which frostbite causes body tissue injury can be characterized by four stages: Prefreeze, freeze-thaw, vascular stasis, and the late ischemic stage. [16] Prefreeze phase: involves the cooling of tissues without ice crystal formation. [16] Freeze-thaw phase: ice-crystals form, resulting in cellular damage and death ...
A wound is any disruption of or damage to living tissue, such as skin, mucous membranes, or organs. [1] [2] Wounds can either be the sudden result of direct trauma (mechanical, thermal, chemical), or can develop slowly over time due to underlying disease processes such as diabetes mellitus, venous/arterial insufficiency, or immunologic disease. [3]
The risk of infection is increased with traumatic injury to the skin and also in people with certain underlying conditions such as diabetes, chronic venous insufficiency and immunosuppression. [3] Staphylococcal and Streptococcal organisms remain the most common causes of superficial infection after a flooding event. [4]
Symptoms initially present as blurred vision but can lead to more serious complications such as blindness, glaucoma, retinal detachment, and vitreous hemorrhage. [17] Foot damage. Diabetes mellitus can lead to poor vascular blood flow to the extremities. Injury of the foot with inadequate blood flow can progress to ulcers and become infected.
There is concern related to the presence of pus or previous MRSA infections. [1] [2] Elevating the infected area may be useful, as may pain killers. [4] [6] Potential complications include abscess formation. [1] Around 95% of people are better after 7 to 10 days of treatment. [2] Those with diabetes, however, often have worse outcomes. [10]