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In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles. [1] The Standard Model presently recognizes seventeen distinct particles—twelve fermions and five bosons.
Elementary particles are classified according to their spin. Fermions have half-integer spin while bosons have integer spin. All the particles of the Standard Model have been experimentally observed, including the Higgs boson in 2012. [2] [3] Many other hypothetical elementary particles, such as the graviton, have been proposed, but not ...
Mathematical consistency of the Standard Model requires that any mechanism capable of generating the masses of elementary particles must become visible [clarification needed] at energies above 1.4 TeV; [45] therefore, the LHC (designed to collide two 7 TeV proton beams) was built to answer the question of whether the Higgs boson actually exists ...
Elementary particles that are not bosons or fermions: Paraparticles, exotic particles that can survive in a 3D-space and follow parastatistics [4] [5] Plektons, particles that follow Braid statistics; Exotic particles, particles with exotic properties like negative mass or complex mass.
Subatomic particles are either "elementary", i.e. not made of multiple other particles, or "composite" and made of more than one elementary particle bound together. The elementary particles of the Standard Model are: [7] Six "flavors" of quarks: up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top;
Elementary particles from the Standard Model of particle physics that have so far been observed. The Standard Model is the most comprehensive existing model of particle behavior. All Standard Model particles including the Higgs boson have been verified, and all other observed particles are combinations of two or more Standard Model particles.
It is hypothesized that gravitational interactions are mediated by an as yet undiscovered elementary particle, dubbed the graviton.The three other known forces of nature are mediated by elementary particles: electromagnetism by the photon, the strong interaction by gluons, and the weak interaction by the W and Z bosons.
Spin is an intrinsic property of elementary particles, and its direction is an important degree of freedom. It is sometimes visualized as the rotation of an object around its own axis (hence the name "spin"), though this notion is somewhat misguided at subatomic scales because elementary particles are believed to be point-like. [69]