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A molecular vibration is a periodic motion of the atoms of a molecule relative to each other, such that the center of mass of the molecule remains unchanged. The typical vibrational frequencies range from less than 10 13 Hz to approximately 10 14 Hz, corresponding to wavenumbers of approximately 300 to 3000 cm −1 and wavelengths of approximately 30 to 3 μm.
The Sun rotates slowly enough that a spherical, non-rotating model is close enough to reality for deriving the rotational kernels. Helioseismology has shown that the Sun has a rotation profile with several features: [47] a rigidly-rotating radiative (i.e. non-convective) zone, though the rotation rate of the inner core is not well known;
At the equator, the solar rotation period is 24.47 days. This is called the sidereal rotation period, and should not be confused with the synodic rotation period of 26.24 days, which is the time for a fixed feature on the Sun to rotate to the same apparent position as viewed from Earth (the Earth's orbital rotation is in the same direction as the Sun's rotation).
As the moment of inertia is higher when a vibration is excited, the rotational constants (B) decrease. Consequently, the rotation frequencies in each vibration state are different from each other. This can give rise to "satellite" lines in the rotational spectrum. An example is provided by cyanodiacetylene, H−C≡C−C≡C−C≡N. [16]
Simulated vibration-rotation line spectrum of carbon monoxide, 12 C 16 O. The P-branch is to the left of the gap near 2140 cm −1, the R-branch on the right. [note 2] Schematic ro-vibrational energy level diagram for a linear molecule. Diatomic molecules with the general formula AB have one normal mode of vibration involving stretching of the ...
The Sun is 1.4 million kilometers (4.643 light-seconds) wide, about 109 times wider than Earth, or four times the Lunar distance, and contains 99.86% of all Solar System mass. The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star that makes up about 99.86% of the mass of the Solar System. [26]
Watson published a number of papers in which he developed and applied molecular Hamiltonians to problems in spectroscopy. In 1968 Watson published Simplification of the molecular vibration-rotation Hamiltonian , in which he presented a practical framework for the quantum-mechanical description of molecular ro-vibrational dynamics within the ...
Example of a linear molecule. N atoms in a molecule have 3N degrees of freedom which constitute translations, rotations, and vibrations.For non-linear molecules, there are 3 degrees of freedom for translational (motion along the x, y, and z directions) and 3 degrees of freedom for rotational motion (rotations in R x, R y, and R z directions) for each atom.