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The photochemical smog formation diagram. (Based on U 6.3.3 in mrgsciences.com [20]) Photochemical smog, often referred to as "summer smog", is the chemical reaction of sunlight, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere, which leaves airborne particles and ground-level ozone. [21]
In organic chemistry, peroxyacyl nitrates (also known as Acyl peroxy nitrates, APN or PANs) are powerful respiratory and eye irritants present in photochemical smog. They are nitrates produced in the thermal equilibrium between organic peroxy radicals by the gas -phase oxidation of a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), or by aldehydes ...
It is a secondary pollutant present in photochemical smog. [1] It is thermally unstable and decomposes into peroxyethanoyl radicals and nitrogen dioxide gas. [2] It is a lachrymatory substance, meaning that it irritates the lungs and eyes. [3] Peroxyacetyl nitrate, or PAN, is an oxidant that is more stable than ozone. Hence, it is more capable ...
The presence of photochemical smog increases during the summer when the incident solar radiation is higher. The emitted hydrocarbons from industrial activities and transportation react with NO x quickly and increase the concentration of ozone and peroxide compounds, especially peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN).
Ground-level ozone is both naturally occurring and anthropogenically formed. It is the primary constituent of urban smog, forming naturally as a secondary pollutant through photochemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the presence of bright sunshine with high temperatures. [35]
Photochemical immersion well reactor (50 mL) with a mercury-vapor lamp.. Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of light. Generally, this term is used to describe a chemical reaction caused by absorption of ultraviolet (wavelength from 100 to 400 nm), visible (400–750 nm), or infrared radiation (750–2500 nm).
MUSE (Greece) – A photochemical atmospheric dispersion model developed by Professor Nicolas Moussiopoulos at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in Greece. It is intended for the study of photochemical smog formation in urban areas and assessment of control strategies on a local to regional scale.
Carbon monoxide is, along with aldehydes, part of the series of cycles of chemical reactions that form photochemical smog. It reacts with hydroxyl radical (• OH) to produce a radical intermediate • HOCO, which rapidly transfers its radical hydrogen to O 2 to form peroxy radical (HO 2 •) and carbon dioxide (CO 2). [50]