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  2. Varnish - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish

    The word "varnish" comes from Mediaeval Latin vernix, meaning odorous resin, perhaps derived from Middle Greek berōnikón or beroníkē, meaning amber or amber-colored glass. [4] A false etymology traces the word to the Greek Berenice , the ancient name of modern Benghazi in Libya, where the first varnishes in the Mediterranean area were ...

  3. Sandarac - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandarac

    The varnish is made by melting the resin and mixing it with (e.g.) linseed oil. Sandarac resin melts at about 150 °C to a colourless or slightly yellow liquid. Its specific gravity is about 1.04. [5] In mid-to-late 19th century photography, a varnish was applied as a preservative to photographic negatives and positives.

  4. Kauri gum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum

    Kauri gum forms when resin from kauri trees leaks out through fractures or cracks in the bark, hardening upon exposure to air. Lumps commonly fall to the ground and can be covered with soil and forest litter, eventually fossilising. Other lumps form as branches forked or trees are damaged, releasing the resin. [5]

  5. Resin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin

    Examples of resin acids are abietic acid (sylvic acid), C 20 H 30 O 2, plicatic acid contained in cedar, and pimaric acid, C 20 H 30 O 2, a constituent of galipot resin. Abietic acid can also be extracted from rosin by means of hot alcohol. Rosin is obtained from pines and some other plants, mostly conifers. [5]

  6. Shellac - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellac

    Shellac naturally contains a small amount of wax (3%–5% by volume), which comes from the lac bug. In some preparations, this wax is removed (the resulting product being called "dewaxed shellac"). This is done for applications where the shellac will be coated with something else (such as paint or varnish), so the topcoat will adhere.

  7. Rosin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosin

    The separation of the oleo-resin into the essential oil (spirit of turpentine) and common rosin is accomplished by distillation in large copper stills. The essential oil is carried off at a temperature of between 100 °C (212 °F)° and 160 °C (320 °F), leaving fluid rosin, which is run off through a tap at the bottom of the still, and ...

  8. Dammar gum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dammar_gum

    The resin of some species of Canarium may also called dammar. Most is produced by tapping trees; however, some is collected in fossilised form on the ground. The gum varies in colour from clear to pale yellow, while the fossilised form is grey-brown. Dammar gum is a triterpenoid resin, containing many triterpenes and their

  9. Alkyd - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyd

    Alkyd resins may be classified as drying (including semi drying) and nondrying. Both types are typically produced from dicarboxylic acids or anhydrides, such as phthalic anhydride or maleic anhydride, and polyols, such as trimethylolpropane, glycerine, or pentaerythritol. [5]