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Braking distance refers to the distance a vehicle will travel from the point when its brakes are fully applied to when it comes to a complete stop. It is primarily affected by the original speed of the vehicle and the coefficient of friction between the tires and the road surface, [Note 1] and negligibly by the tires' rolling resistance and vehicle's air drag.
Stopping sight distance is one of several types of sight distance used in road design.It is a near worst-case distance a vehicle driver needs to be able to see in order to have room to stop before colliding with something in the roadway, such as a pedestrian in a crosswalk, a stopped vehicle, or road debris.
The two-second rule is useful as it can be applied to any speed. Drivers can find it difficult to estimate the correct distance from the car in front, let alone remember the stopping distances that are required for a given speed, or to compute the equation on the fly. The two-second rule provides a simpler way of perceiving the distance.
British Railway Class 90 infobox showing brake force Brake force to weight ratio of the Class 67 is higher than some other locomotives. In the case of railways, it is important that staff are aware of the brake force of a train so sufficient brake power will be available to bring the train to a halt within the required distance from a given speed.
The desired stopping sight distance (S) is determined by the speed of traffic on a road. By first finding the stopping sight distance (S) and then solving for the curve length (L) in each of the equations below, the correct curve length can be determined.
A vehicle accelerating from a stop travels this distance in time t i = √ 2d i ⁄ a i while through traffic travels a distance equal to their speed multiplied by that time. The time t pc , for the stopped motorist, is the sum of perception time and the time required to actuate an automatic transmission or shift to first gear which is usually ...
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The stopping distance s is also shortest when acceleration a is at the highest possible value compatible with road conditions: the equation s=ut + 1/2 at 2 makes s low when a is high and t is low. How much braking force to apply to each wheel depends both on ground conditions and on the balance of weight on the wheels at each instant in time.