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In the even–odd case, the ray is intersected by two lines, an even number; therefore P is concluded to be 'outside' the curve. By the non-zero winding rule, the ray is intersected in a clockwise direction twice, each contributing −1 to the winding score: because the total, −2, is not zero, P is concluded to be 'inside' the curve.
The odd–even sort algorithm correctly sorts this data in passes. (A pass here is defined to be a full sequence of odd–even, or even–odd comparisons. The passes occur in order pass 1: odd–even, pass 2: even–odd, etc.) Proof: This proof is based loosely on one by Thomas Worsch. [6]
Assuming n even, therefore, the condition for π g to be an odd permutation, when g has order k, is that n/k should be odd, or that the subgroup <g> generated by g should have odd index. We will apply this to the group of nonzero numbers mod p , which is a cyclic group of order p − 1.
A curve (top) is filled according to two rules: the even-odd rule (left), and the non-zero winding rule (right). In each case an arrow shows a ray from a point P heading out of the curve. In the even-odd case, the ray is intersected by two lines, an even number; therefore P is concluded to be 'outside' the curve.
Even and odd numbers have opposite parities, e.g., 22 (even number) and 13 (odd number) have opposite parities. In particular, the parity of zero is even. [2] Any two consecutive integers have opposite parity. A number (i.e., integer) expressed in the decimal numeral system is even or odd according to whether its last digit is even or odd. That ...
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If k is odd, then put the number on the left end of the row k − 1 in the first position of the row k, and fill the row from the left to the right, with every entry being the sum of the number to the left and the number to the upper; At the end of the row duplicate the last number. If k is even, proceed similar in the other direction.
Each entry of each subsequent row is constructed by adding the number above and to the left with the number above and to the right, treating blank entries as 0. For example, the initial number of row 1 (or any other row) is 1 (the sum of 0 and 1), whereas the numbers 1 and 3 in row 3 are added to produce the number 4 in row 4.