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The post-increment and post-decrement operators increase (or decrease) the value of their operand by 1, but the value of the expression is the operand's value prior to the increment (or decrement) operation. In languages where increment/decrement is not an expression (e.g., Go), only one version is needed (in the case of Go, post operators only).
If the value of the variable i is initially 7, for example, the value of x in x = ++i is 8 after expression evaluation, but in x=i++, the value of x is 7. In both cases, the value of i becomes 8. These operators cannot be used with expressions that involve functions, as in f().a++.
For-loops can be thought of as shorthands for while-loops which increment and test a loop variable. Various keywords are used to indicate the usage of a for loop: descendants of ALGOL use "for", while descendants of Fortran use "do". There are other possibilities, for example COBOL which uses PERFORM VARYING. The name for-loop comes from the ...
Local variables declared using the static prefix are also stored in the global and static data region. [11] Unlike global variables, static variables are only visible within the function or block. Static variables always retain their value. An example usage would be the function int increment_counter(){ static int counter = 0; counter++; return ...
Immediately invoked function expressions can be used to avoid variable hoisting from within blocks, protecting against polluting the global environment and simultaneously allowing public access to methods while retaining privacy for variables defined within the function. In other words, it wraps functions and variables, keeping them out of the ...
Upon leaving the using-block, the compiler guarantees that the stm object is released, effectively binding the variable to the file stream while abstracting from the side effects of initializing and releasing the file. Python's with statement and Ruby's block argument to File.open are used to similar effect.
A script is associated with a Rexx interpreter at runtime in various ways based on context. In mainframe computing, a Rexx script or command is sometimes referred to as an EXEC since that is the name of the file type used for similar CMS EXEC, [10] and EXEC 2 [11] scripts and for Rexx scripts on VM/SP R3 through z/VM.
In Python, a generator can be thought of as an iterator that contains a frozen stack frame. Whenever next() is called on the iterator, Python resumes the frozen frame, which executes normally until the next yield statement is reached. The generator's frame is then frozen again, and the yielded value is returned to the caller.