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The literal meaning of تَشْكِيل tashkīl is 'variation'. As the normal Arabic text does not provide enough information about the correct pronunciation, the main purpose of tashkīl (and ḥarakāt) is to provide a phonetic guide or a phonetic aid; i.e. show the correct pronunciation for children who are learning to read or foreign learners.
This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Arabic on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Arabic in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them.
While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, contemporary spoken Arabic is more properly described as a continuum of varieties. [1] This article deals primarily with Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), which is the standard variety shared by educated speakers throughout Arabic-speaking regions.
Arabic diacritics include i'jam (in Arabic: إِعْجَام , ʾiʿǧām, consonant pointing marks), the combining forms of hamza ( الهَمْزة , (al-)hamzah, a semi-consonant which may occur as diacritics) and tashkil ( تَشْكِيل , taškīl, vowel pointing diacritics).
An Arabic sentence can have a completely different meaning by a subtle change of the vowels. This is why in an important text such as the Qur’ān the three basic vowel signs are mandated, like the Arabic diacritics and other types of marks, like the cantillation signs.
The basic Arabic range encodes the standard letters and diacritics, but does not encode contextual forms (U+0621–U+0652 being directly based on ISO 8859-6); and also includes the most common diacritics and Arabic-Indic digits. The Arabic Supplement range encodes letter variants mostly used for writing African (non-Arabic) languages.
When a shaddah is used on a consonant which also takes a fatḥah /a/, the fatḥah is written above the shaddah.If the consonant takes a kasrah /i/, it is written between the consonant and the shaddah instead of its usual place below the consonant, however this last case is an exclusively Arabic language practice, not in other languages that use the Arabic script.
Example (without diacritics) Meaning Hejazi Arabic Modern Standard Arabic ... Hejazi Arabic vowel chart, from Abdoh (2010:84) Vowel phonemes of Hejazi Arabic