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Vagusstoff (literally translated from German as "Vagus Substance") refers to the substance released by stimulation of the vagus nerve which causes a reduction in the heart rate. Discovered in 1921 by physiologist Otto Loewi , vagusstoff was the first confirmation of chemical synaptic transmission and the first neurotransmitter ever discovered.
Upon leaving the medulla oblongata between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle, the vagus nerve extends through the jugular foramen, then passes into the carotid sheath between the internal carotid artery and the internal jugular vein down to the neck, chest, and abdomen, where it contributes to the innervation of the viscera, reaching all the way to the colon.
Then he developed the “electrocompressor” which allowed for the compression of the bilateral carotid arteries as well as electrical stimulation of both the vagus and cervical sympathetic nerves. The idea was to reduce cardiac output and to stimulate cervical sympathetic nerves to constrict cerebral blood vessels.
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Vagusstoff transmitted inhibition from the vagus nerves, and Acceleransstoff transmitted stimulation from the sympathetic nerves to the heart. [31] Loewi took some years to commit himself with respect to the nature of the Stoffe , but in 1926 he was sure that Vagusstoff was acetylcholine, writing in 1936 [ 32 ] "I no longer hesitate to identify ...
He initially gave it the name Vagusstoff because it was released from the vagus nerve and in 1936 he wrote: [36] ″I no longer hesitate to identify the Sympathicusstoff with adrenaline.″ A graph showing the threshold for nervous system response. One major question for neuroscientists in the early twentieth century was the physiology of nerve ...
The gold standard is a monetary system in which gold is used to guarantee the value of a country’s currency. It was a typical measure in the 20th century to ensure that a country’s money was ...