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In Islam, morality in the sense of "non practical guidelines" [1] or "specific norms or codes of behavior" for good doing (as opposed to ethical theory) [2] are primarily based on the Quran and the Hadith – the central religious texts of Islam [3] – and also mostly "commonly known moral virtues" [4] whose major points "most religions largely agree on". [1]
the moral examples set by important Islamic personalities (such as the four rightly guided caliphs for Sunni Muslims); [15] works on Adab (i.e. etiquette, manners); [15] "philosophical reflection" by the school of Islam known as the Mu`tazilites and others; "works of Greek ethicists", (which were translated into Arabic); [15]
Although Muhammad's preaching produced a "radical change in moral values based on the sanctions of the new religion, and fear of God and of the Last Judgment", the pre-Islamic tribal practices of the Arabs by no means completely died out. [46]
Islam [a] is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, [9] the religion's founder. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number 1.9 billion worldwide and are the world's second-largest religious population after Christians.
Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi (1856-1921) was a disciple and successor of Shah Waliullah's son who emphasized the 'purification' of Islam from un-Islamic beliefs and practices. He anticipated modern militant Islamists by leading an extremist, jihadist movement and attempted to create an Islamic state based on the enforcement of Islamic law.
However, these values would be re-ordered in importance and placed in the context of strict monotheism. [38] Furthermore, a Muslim should not only follow these five main characteristics, but also be more broad about his morals. Therefore, the more the Muslim is applying these rules, the better that person is morally.
For example, the ideas of the Khawarij in the very early years of Islamic history on Khilafa and Ummah, or that of Shia Islam on the concept of Imamah are considered proofs of political thought. The clashes between the Ehl-i Sunna and Shia in the 7th and 8th centuries had a genuine political character.
Islamic tradition holds that moral qualities and good actions elevate the status of a man. [44] The Quran and the hadith serve as the primary source of moral and ethical guidance in Islamic theology. Both the Quran and the hadith often speak in emphatic manners to instruct the Muslims to adopt a morally good character.