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In Islam, morality in the sense of "non practical guidelines" [1] or "specific norms or codes of behavior" for good doing (as opposed to ethical theory) [2] are primarily based on the Quran and the Hadith – the central religious texts of Islam [3] – and also mostly "commonly known moral virtues" [4] whose major points "most religions largely agree on". [1]
Islamic ethics (Arabic: أخلاق إسلامية) is the "philosophical reflection upon moral conduct" with a view to defining "good character" and attaining the "pleasure of God" (raza-e Ilahi). [1] [2] It is distinguished from "Islamic morality", which pertains to "specific norms or codes of behavior". [1]
Although Muhammad's preaching produced a "radical change in moral values based on the sanctions of the new religion, and fear of God and of the Last Judgment", the pre-Islamic tribal practices of the Arabs by no means completely died out. [46]
The history of Islam is believed by most historians [1] to have originated with Muhammad's mission in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, [2] [3] although Muslims regard this time as a return to the original faith passed down by the Abrahamic prophets, such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, and Jesus, with the submission (Islām) to the will of God.
Religious values can diverge from commonly-held contemporary moral positions, such as those on murder, mass atrocities, and slavery. For example, Simon Blackburn states that "apologists for Hinduism defend or explain away its involvement with the caste system, and apologists for Islam defend or explain away its harsh penal code or its attitude ...
Islamic tradition holds that moral qualities and good actions elevate the status of a man. [44] The Quran and the hadith serve as the primary source of moral and ethical guidance in Islamic theology. Both the Quran and the hadith often speak in emphatic manners to instruct the Muslims to adopt a morally good character.
However, these values would be re-ordered in importance and placed in the context of strict monotheism. [38] Furthermore, a Muslim should not only follow these five main characteristics, but also be more broad about his morals. Therefore, the more the Muslim is applying these rules, the better that person is morally.
For example, for Muslim women the amount was half that assessed for a Muslim man. [ 251 ] [ 252 ] Diya for the death of a free Muslim man is twice as high as for Jewish and Christian victims according to the Maliki and Hanbali madhhabs and three times as high according to Shafi'i rules. [ 253 ]