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Photonic molecules are a form of matter in which photons bind together to form "molecules". [1] [2] [3] They were first predicted in 2007.Photonic molecules are formed when individual (massless) photons "interact with each other so strongly that they act as though they have mass". [4]
The Gibbs free energy for converting a mole of CO 2 to glucose is 114 kcal, whereas eight moles of photons of wavelength 600 nm contains 381 kcal, giving a nominal efficiency of 30%. [2] However, photosynthesis can occur with light up to wavelength 720 nm so long as there is also light at wavelengths below 680 nm to keep Photosystem II ...
To create an electron-positron pair, the total energy of the photons, in the rest frame, must be at least 2m e c 2 = 2 × 0.511 MeV = 1.022 MeV (m e is the mass of one electron and c is the speed of light in vacuum), an energy value that corresponds to soft gamma ray photons.
The Calvin cycle, light-independent reactions, bio synthetic phase, dark reactions, or photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle [1] of photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose. The Calvin cycle is present in all photosynthetic eukaryotes and also many ...
The electron in the higher energy level is unstable and will quickly return to its normal lower energy level. To do this, it must release the absorbed energy. This can happen in various ways. The extra energy can be converted into molecular motion and lost as heat, or re-emitted by the electron as light (fluorescence).
Because photons have zero rest mass, no wave function defined for a photon can have all the properties familiar from wave functions in non-relativistic quantum mechanics. [ f ] In order to avoid these difficulties, physicists employ the second-quantized theory of photons described below, quantum electrodynamics , in which photons are quantized ...
Photons with high photon energy can transform in quantum mechanics to lepton and quark pairs, the latter fragmented subsequently to jets of hadrons, i.e. protons, pions, etc.At high energies E the lifetime t of such quantum fluctuations of mass M becomes nearly macroscopic: t ≈ E/M 2; this amounts to flight lengths as large as one micrometer for electron pairs in a 100 GeV photon beam, while ...
Photodissociation, photolysis, photodecomposition, or photofragmentation is a chemical reaction in which molecules of a chemical compound are broken down by absorption of light or photons. It is defined as the interaction of one or more photons with one target molecule that dissociates into two fragments. [1]