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Electrical conductivity of water samples is used as an indicator of how salt-free, ion-free, or impurity-free the sample is; the purer the water, the lower the conductivity (the higher the resistivity). Conductivity measurements in water are often reported as specific conductance, relative to the conductivity of pure water at 25 °C.
The standard is most often used as a comparative property in the specification of the conductivity of other metals. For example, the conductivity of a particular grade of titanium may be specified as 1.2 % IACS, meaning that its electrical conductivity is 1.2 % of the copper specified as the IACS standard. [2]
Electrical conductivity is a measure of how well a material transports an electric charge.This is an essential property in electrical wiring systems. Copper has the highest electrical conductivity rating of all non-precious metals: the electrical resistivity of copper = 16.78 nΩ•m at 20 °C.
As quoted from various sources in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition.CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 12, Properties of Solids; Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals / Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics / Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature
As quoted in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition.CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals
Kittel [8] gives some values of L ranging from L = 2.23×10 −8 V 2 K −2 for copper at 0 °C to L = 3.2×10 −8 V 2 K −2 for tungsten at 100 °C. Rosenberg [ 9 ] notes that the Wiedemann–Franz law is generally valid for high temperatures and for low (i.e., a few Kelvins) temperatures, but may not hold at intermediate temperatures.
Pourbaix diagram for copper in uncomplexed media (anions other than OH- not considered). Ion concentration 0.001 m (mol/kg water). Temperature 25 °C. Cu 2+ + 2 OH − → Cu(OH) 2. Aqueous ammonia results in the same precipitate. Upon adding excess ammonia, the precipitate dissolves, forming tetraamminecopper(II): Cu(H 2 O) 4 (OH) 2 + 4 NH 3 ...
Let K 0 is the normal conductivity at one bar (10 5 N/m 2) pressure, K e is its conductivity at special pressure and/or length scale. Let d is a plate distance in meters, P is an air pressure in Pascals (N/m 2), T is temperature Kelvin, C is this Lasance constant 7.6 ⋅ 10 −5 m ⋅ K/N and PP is the product P ⋅ d/T.