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The electrodes for electrical grounding are often called ground rods and are often made from steel with a copper clad surface – typically 1 to 2 m long and 20 millimetres (0.79 in) in diameter. These are driven vertically into the ground and bonded together with bare copper wire. [1]
Separate grounds for power and safety are also used. Duplication of the ground points assures that the system is still safe if either of the grounds is damaged. A good earth connection is normally a 6 m stake of copper-clad steel driven vertically into the ground, and bonded to the transformer earth and tank.
The expense of multiwire systems rapidly led to single-signal-wire systems becoming the norm for long-distance telegraph. Around the time earth return was introduced, the two most widely used systems were the Morse system of Samuel Morse (from 1844) [ 8 ] and the Cooke and Wheatstone one-needle telegraph (from 1843). [ 9 ]
There are several types derived from copper and steel: copper-bonded, stainless-steel, solid copper, galvanized steel ground. In recent decades, there has been developed chemical grounding rods for low impedance ground containing natural electrolytic salts. [31] and Nano-Carbon Fiber Grounding rods. [32]
For example, only audio equipment is connected to the technical ground in a recording studio. [10] In most cases, the studio's metal equipment racks are all joined with heavy copper cables (or flattened copper tubing or busbars) and similar connections are made to the technical ground. Great care is taken that no general chassis grounded ...
Earth/ground rod A long rod placed into the ground, bonding, with low impedance, the installation to Earth potential. Usually made from copper-clad, galvanised or stainless steel or copper, for corrosion prevention. There are other types of Earth bonding, such as: an Earth plate, an Earth mesh, or an Earth ring.
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An isolated ground (IG) (or Functional Earth (FE) in European literature) is a ground connection to a local earth electrode from equipment where the main supply uses a different earthing arrangement, one of the common earthing arrangements used with domestic mains supplies.