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  2. Chopper (electronics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopper_(electronics)

    For all the chopper configurations operating from a fixed DC input voltage, the average value of the output voltage is controlled by periodic opening and closing of the switches used in the chopper circuit. The average output voltage can be controlled by different techniques namely: Pulse-width modulation; Frequency modulation

  3. Pulse-width modulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation

    Pulse-width modulation (PWM), also known as pulse-duration modulation (PDM) or pulse-length modulation (PLM), [1] is any method of representing a signal as a rectangular wave with a varying duty cycle (and for some methods also a varying period). PWM is useful for controlling the average power or amplitude delivered by an electrical signal.

  4. Duty cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_cycle

    This technique is known as pulse-width modulation. In the printer / copier industry, the duty cycle specification refers to the rated throughput (that is, printed pages) of a device per month. In a welding power supply , the maximum duty cycle is defined as the percentage of time in a 10-minute period that it can be operated continuously before ...

  5. Pulse duration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_duration

    Pulse duration using 50% peak amplitude. DECT phone pulduration measurement (100 Hz / 10 mS) on channel 8. In signal processing and telecommunications, pulse duration is the interval between the time, during the first transition, that the amplitude of the pulse reaches a specified fraction (level) of its final amplitude, and the time the pulse amplitude drops, on the last transition, to the ...

  6. Symbol rate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_rate

    Modulation is used in passband filtered channels such as telephone lines, radio channels and other frequency division multiplex (FDM) channels. In a digital modulation method provided by a modem, each symbol is typically a sine wave tone with a certain frequency, amplitude and phase. Symbol rate, baud rate, is the number of transmitted tones ...

  7. Pulse-frequency modulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-frequency_modulation

    Pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) is a modulation method for representing an analog signal using only two levels (1 and 0). It is analogous to pulse-width modulation (PWM), in which the magnitude of an analog signal is encoded in the duty cycle of a square wave .

  8. Pulse wave - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_wave

    A pulse wave or pulse train or rectangular wave is a non-sinusoidal waveform that is the periodic version of the rectangular function. It is held high a percent each cycle called the duty cycle and for the remainder of each cycle is low. A duty cycle of 50% produces a square wave, a specific case of a rectangular wave. The average level of a ...

  9. Pulse-forming network - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-forming_network

    The result is that a pulse of voltage is applied to the load with a duration equal to 2D/c, where D is the length of the line, and c is the propagation velocity of the pulse in the line. [1] The propagation velocity in typical transmission lines is generally more than 50% of the speed of light.