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Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a purported form of kidney damage in which there has been recent exposure to medical imaging contrast material without another clear cause for the acute kidney injury. Despite extensive speculation, the actual occurrence of contrast-induced nephropathy has not been demonstrated in the literature. [1]
A computed tomography urography (CT urography or CT urogram) is a computed tomography scan that examines the urinary tract after contrast dye is injected into a vein. [1]In a CT urogram, the contrast agent is through a cannula into a vein, allowed to be cleared by the kidneys and excreted through the urinary tract as part of the urine.
Urine pH may be monitored to help prevent the formation of kidney stones or to avoid side effects of some drugs, [68] such as high-dose methotrexate therapy, in which crystals that cause kidney damage can form if the urine is acidic. [69] If microscopy is performed, knowing the pH of the sample helps to identify any crystals that might be ...
Treatments depend on the patient, the type of kidney stone and several other factors. These include: Surgical intervention. Some patients may need surgery to remove kidney stones or to help them pass.
An intravenous pyelogram is used to look for problems relating to the urinary tract. [5] These may include blockages or narrowing, such as due to kidney stones, cancer (such as renal cell carcinoma or transitional cell carcinoma), enlarged prostate glands, and anatomical variations, [5] such as a medullary sponge kidney. [6]
Kidney stone disease, also known as renal calculus disease, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is a crystallopathy where a solid piece of material (renal calculus) develops in the urinary tract. [2] Renal calculi typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. [2] A small calculus may pass without causing symptoms. [2]
Non-contrast-enhanced CT scans are the gold standard for diagnosing kidney stone disease. [69] They allow clinicians to estimate the size, volume, and density of stones, helping to guide further treatment; with size being especially important in predicting the time to spontaneous passage of a stone.
Diatrizoate, also known as amidotrizoate, Gastrografin, is a contrast agent used during X-ray imaging. [1] This includes visualizing veins, the urinary system, spleen, and joints, as well as computer tomography (CT scan). [1] It is given by mouth, injection into a vein, injection into the bladder, through a nasogastric tube, or rectally. [2] [3]