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A steel fixer (UK, ironworker or "rod buster" in the United States) is a tradesman who positions and secures steel reinforcing bars, also known as rebar, and steel mesh used in reinforced concrete on construction projects. [1] The work involves following engineering drawings that detail the type of bar and the spacing used and setting out the work.
Practically overnight, carpenters who built wooden bridges became ironworkers by the 1880s. It was seen as a new, exciting job for pioneers in America, despite its dangers. A worker could risk his life on high structures for about two dollars per day. [4] The production of cast iron parts in larger and larger sizes brought about the use of cranes.
Steel fixer ("ironworker" USA, also "rodbuster" USA/Australia), a tradesperson who positions and secures reinforcing bars and mesh used to reinforce concrete on construction projects. [12] [13] This trade is usually included with Ironworkers. Teamster, operator of highway trucks used to haul heavy loads on paved roadways.
The construction industry is a high-hazard sector, encompassing alteration and repair. Workers are exposed to various serious hazards, such as falling debris, unguarded machinery, heavy equipment, electrocutions, silica dust, and asbestos. [11]
Between 1920 and 2000, labour requirements decreased by a factor of 1000, to 3 man-hours per thousand tonnes. [citation needed] In 2013, 70% of global steel output came from the basic oxygen furnace. [14] Furnaces can convert up to 350 tons of iron into steel in less than 40 minutes, compared to 10–12 hours in an open hearth furnace. [15]
The industry produced over 74 million net tons per year as of November 2024. [1] Most iron and steel in the United States is now made from iron and steel scrap, rather than iron ore. The United States is also a major importer of iron and steel, as well as iron and steel products.
The Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) is a United States national association of more than 6,000 construction industry professionals who are experts in building construction and the materials used therein.
The oldest archaeological evidence of copper mining and working was the discovery of a copper pendant in northern Iraq from 8,700 BCE. [2] The earliest substantiated and dated evidence of metalworking in the Americas was the processing of copper in Wisconsin, near Lake Michigan.