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In mathematics, Gauss congruence is a property held by certain sequences of integers, including the Lucas numbers and the divisor sum sequence. Sequences satisfying this property are also known as Dold sequences, Fermat sequences, Newton sequences, and realizable sequences. [ 1 ]
The sequence produced by other choices of c can be written as a simple function of the sequence when c=1. [1]: 11 Specifically, if Y is the prototypical sequence defined by Y 0 = 0 and Y n+1 = aY n + 1 mod m, then a general sequence X n+1 = aX n + c mod m can be written as an affine function of Y:
The principal congruence subgroup of level 2, Γ(2), is also called the modular group Λ. Since PSL(2, Z/2Z) is isomorphic to S 3, Λ is a subgroup of index 6. The group Λ consists of all modular transformations for which a and d are odd and b and c are even.
In mathematics, a congruent transformation (or congruence transformation) is: Another term for an isometry ; see congruence (geometry) . A transformation of the form A → P T AP , where A and P are square matrices, P is invertible , and P T denotes the transpose of P ; see Matrix Congruence and congruence in linear algebra .
In mathematics, an isometry (or congruence, or congruent transformation) is a distance-preserving transformation between metric spaces, usually assumed to be bijective. [ a ] The word isometry is derived from the Ancient Greek : ἴσος isos meaning "equal", and μέτρον metron meaning "measure".
A particularly useful case is the sequence = for all . In this case, A ( x ) = ⌊ x + 1 ⌋ {\displaystyle A(x)=\lfloor x+1\rfloor } . For this sequence, Abel's summation formula simplifies to
Beckman–Quarles theorem, a characterization of isometries as the transformations that preserve unit distances; Congruence (geometry) Coordinate rotations and reflections; Hjelmslev's theorem, the statement that the midpoints of corresponding pairs of points in an isometry of lines are collinear
In mathematics, summation by parts transforms the summation of products of sequences into other summations, often simplifying the computation or (especially) estimation of certain types of sums. It is also called Abel's lemma or Abel transformation , named after Niels Henrik Abel who introduced it in 1826.