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Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a group of birth defects in which an opening in the spine or cranium remains from early in human development. In the third week of pregnancy called gastrulation, specialized cells on the dorsal side of the embryo begin to change shape and form the neural tube.
Each fallopian tube leaves the uterus at an opening at the uterine horns known as the proximal tubal opening or proximal ostium. [9] The tubes have an average length of 10–14 centimeters (3.9–5.5 in) [4] that includes the intramural part of the tube. The tubes extend to near the ovaries where they open into the abdomen at the distal tubal ...
Tubal factor infertility (TFI) is female infertility caused by diseases, obstructions, damage, scarring, congenital malformations or other factors which impede the descent of a fertilized or unfertilized ovum into the uterus through the fallopian tubes and prevents a normal pregnancy and full term birth. Tubal factors cause 25-30% of ...
Exceptions include children who have not undergone puberty, which is the body's start of reproductive capacity. It is also a normal state in women after menopause. In humans, infertility is the inability to become pregnant after at least one year of unprotected and regular sexual intercourse involving a male and female partner. [2]
Most ectopic pregnancies (90%) occur in the fallopian tube, which are known as tubal pregnancies, [2] but implantation can also occur on the cervix, ovaries, caesarean scar, or within the abdomen. [1] Detection of ectopic pregnancy is typically by blood tests for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and ultrasound. [1]
Results of tubal surgery are inversely related to damage that exists prior to surgery. [10] Development of adhesions remains a problem. [1] Patients with operated tubes are at increased risk for ectopic pregnancy, [10] although in vitro fertilization in patients with damaged tubes is also associated with a risk for ectopic pregnancy.
A heterotopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy in which both extrauterine pregnancy and intrauterine pregnancy occur simultaneously. [2] It may also be referred to as a combined ectopic pregnancy, multiple‑sited pregnancy, or coincident pregnancy. The most common site of the extrauterine pregnancy is the fallopian tube.
Tubal ligation (commonly known as having one's "tubes tied") is a surgical procedure for female sterilization in which the fallopian tubes are permanently blocked, clipped or removed.