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Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a group of birth defects in which an opening in the spine or cranium remains from early in human development. In the third week of pregnancy called gastrulation, specialized cells on the dorsal side of the embryo begin to change shape and form the neural tube.
Tubal factor infertility (TFI) is female infertility caused by diseases, obstructions, damage, scarring, congenital malformations or other factors which impede the descent of a fertilized or unfertilized ovum into the uterus through the fallopian tubes and prevents a normal pregnancy and full term birth. Tubal factors cause 25-30% of ...
Image showing trophoblast differentiated into the two layers of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast during implantation. It is the outer layer of the trophoblasts and actively invades the uterine wall, during implantation, rupturing maternal capillaries and thus establishing an interface between maternal blood and embryonic extracellular fluid, facilitating passive exchange of material ...
Results of tubal surgery are inversely related to damage that exists prior to surgery. [10] Development of adhesions remains a problem. [1] Patients with operated tubes are at increased risk for ectopic pregnancy, [10] although in vitro fertilization in patients with damaged tubes is also associated with a risk for ectopic pregnancy.
Almost a third of cases of infertility are caused due to fallopian tube pathologies. These include inflammation, and tubal obstructions. A number of tubal pathologies cause damage to the cilia of the tube, which can impede movement of the sperm or egg. A number of sexually transmitted infections can lead to infertility. [7]
A heterotopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy in which both extrauterine pregnancy and intrauterine pregnancy occur simultaneously. [2] It may also be referred to as a combined ectopic pregnancy, multiple‑sited pregnancy, or coincident pregnancy. The most common site of the extrauterine pregnancy is the fallopian tube.
Exaggerated placental site is a benign, non cancerous lesion with an increased number of implantation site intermediate trophoblastic cells that infiltrate the endometrium and the underlying myometrium. An exaggerated placental site may occur with normal pregnancy, or after an abortion. No specific treatment or follow up is necessary.
The amniotic sac, also called the bag of waters [1] [2] or the membranes, [3] is the sac in which the embryo and later fetus develops in amniotes.It is a thin but tough transparent pair of membranes that hold a developing embryo (and later fetus) until shortly before birth.