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The leaves themselves are simple and ovate to oblong-ovate with serrated or crenate margins, to which the tree owes its specific epithet serrata. The leaves are acuminate or apiculate, rounded or subcordate at the base, and contain 8–14 pairs of veins. The leaves are rough on top and glabrous or nearly glabrous on the underside. They are ...
Trees, soil, and rocks form a miniature living landscape. Saikei (栽景) literally translates as "planted landscape". [1] [2]: 228 Saikei is a descendant of the Japanese arts of bonsai, bonseki, and bonkei, and is related less directly to similar miniature-landscape arts like the Chinese penjing and the Vietnamese hòn non bộ.
The Japanese dry garden (枯山水, karesansui) or Japanese rock garden, often called a Zen garden, is a distinctive style of Japanese garden. It creates a miniature stylized landscape through carefully composed arrangements of rocks, water features, moss, pruned trees and bushes, and uses gravel or sand that is raked to represent ripples in ...
The Tuscan order (Latin Ordo Tuscanicus or Ordo Tuscanus, with the meaning of Etruscan order) is one of the two classical orders developed by the Romans, the other being the composite order. It is influenced by the Doric order , but with un- fluted columns and a simpler entablature with no triglyphs or guttae .
Some designers are using zoke (miscellaneous plants) as well as the niwaki to create a more "natural" mood to the landscape. Most traditional garden designers still rely primarily on the rarefied niwaki palette. [2] The principles of niwaki may be applied to garden trees all over the world and are not restricted to Japanese gardens. [3]
The Tsubo-en Zen garden in Lelystad, Netherlands is a private modern Japanese Zen (karesansui, dry rock) garden that makes extensive use of so-called O-karikomi combined with Hako-zukuri (see above). All seasons close-up of the Tsubo-en (Netherlands) O-karikomi, hako-zukuri topiary. Gardens of the Palace of Versailles outside Paris, France
A number of other cultures around the world have adopted the Japanese approach to bonsai, and while some variations have begun to appear, most hew closely to the rules and design philosophies of the Japanese tradition. Penjing, a Chinese form of container-grown tree, predates and is the origin of bonsai.
In 1829, a significant book that first established classical bonsai art, Sōmoku Kin'yō-shū (草木錦葉集, A Colorful Collection of Trees and Plants/Collection of tree leaves), was published. It includes the basic criteria for the ideal form of the classical pine bonsai, in detail and with illustrations. [29]