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Zebra is the American medical slang for a surprising, often exotic, medical diagnosis, especially when a more commonplace explanation is more likely. [1] It is shorthand for the aphorism coined in the late 1940s by Theodore Woodward, professor at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, who instructed his medical interns: "When you hear hoofbeats behind you, don't expect to see a zebra."
Hickam's dictum is a counterargument to the use of Occam's razor in the medical profession. [1] While Occam's razor suggests that the simplest explanation is the most likely, implying in medicine that diagnosticians should assume a single cause for multiple symptoms, one form of Hickam's dictum states: "A man can have as many diseases as he damn well pleases."
The main discussion of these abbreviations in the context of drug prescriptions and other medical prescriptions is at List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions. Some of these abbreviations are best not used, as marked and explained here.
Similar proverbs with a medical theme appear in other Jewish literature. [4] For example, "Physician, physician, heal thine own limp!" (Imperial Aramaic: אסיא אסי חיגרתך) can be found in Genesis Rabbah 23:4 (300–500 CE). [5] [6] Such proverbs also appear in literary Classical texts from at least the 6th century BCE.
Punctuality is the characteristic of completing a required task or fulfilling an obligation before or at a previously designated time. [1] "Punctual" is often used synonymously with "on time". An opposite characteristic is tardiness. Each culture tends to have its own understanding about what is considered an acceptable degree of punctuality. [2]
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Hooker, however, was quoting an earlier work by Elisha Bartlett [7] who, on pages 288–289, says "The golden axiom of Chomel, that it is only the second law of therapeutics to do good, its first law being this – not to do harm – is gradually finding its way into the medical mind, preventing an incalculable amount of positive ill." However ...