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But for the equations with source terms (Gauss's law and the Ampère-Maxwell equation), the Hodge dual of this 2-form is needed. The Hodge star operator takes a p-form to a (n − p)-form, where n is the number of dimensions. Here, it takes the 2-form (F) and gives another 2-form (in four dimensions, n − p = 4 − 2 = 2).
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal n̂, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
In atomic physics, the electron magnetic moment, or more specifically the electron magnetic dipole moment, is the magnetic moment of an electron resulting from its intrinsic properties of spin and electric charge. The value of the electron magnetic moment (symbol μ e) is −9.284 764 6917 (29) × 10 −24 J⋅T −1. [1]
kilogram-force per square millimetre: kgf/mm 2: ≡ 1 kgf/mm 2 = 9.806 65 × 10 6 Pa [33] kip per square inch: ksi ≡ 1 kipf/sq in ≈ 6.894 757 × 10 6 Pa [33] long ton per square foot: ≡ 1 long ton × g 0 / 1 sq ft ≈ 1.072 517 801 1595 × 10 5 Pa: micrometre of mercury: μmHg ≡ 13 595.1 kg/m 3 × 1 μm × g 0 ≈ 0.001 torr ≈ 0.133 ...
1° That the positive electrons have no real mass, but only a fictitious electromagnetic mass; or at least that their real mass, if it exists, is not constant and varies with the velocity according to the same laws as their fictitious mass; 2° That all forces are of electromagnetic origin, or at least that they vary with the velocity according ...
When charged particles move in electric and magnetic fields the following two laws apply: Lorentz force law: = (+),; Newton's second law of motion: = =; where F is the force applied to the ion, m is the mass of the particle, a is the acceleration, Q is the electric charge, E is the electric field, and v × B is the cross product of the ion's velocity and the magnetic flux density.
By postulating that the ratio of electron kinetic energy to orbital frequency should be equal to h, Richard Gans computed a value that was twice as large as the Bohr magneton in September 1911. [7] At the First Solvay Conference in November that year, Paul Langevin obtained a value of e ℏ / ( 2 m e ) {\displaystyle e\hbar /(2m_{\mathrm {e ...
In particle physics, the electron mass (symbol: m e) is the mass of a stationary electron, also known as the invariant mass of the electron. It is one of the fundamental constants of physics . It has a value of about 9.109 × 10 −31 kilograms or about 5.486 × 10 −4 daltons , which has an energy-equivalent of about 8.187 × 10 −14 joules ...