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The main difference between primary and secondary emotions is that primary emotions are how we react to events and situations, whereas secondary emotions are reactions to how we feel. For example, feeling shame (secondary) about feeling fear (primary) in a certain situation.
Being hardwired, basic emotions (sometimes also called ‘affect programs’) are innate, automatic, and fast or reactive, and trigger behaviour with a high survival value.
Learn about six types of basic human emotions, plus find out how emotions influence our behavior and reactions.
The concept of primary emotions refers to those basic feelings that have been hardwired into our brains over the course of human evolution. They’re instinctive, immediate, and universal across cultures – think fear, joy, anger, surprise, disgust, and sadness.
Although there’s some debate over which emotions are in the “primary emotion” set, the core ones are generally happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and disgust. Understanding these six primary emotions can provide us with a deeper awareness of our own emotional reactions and those of others.
Through years of studying emotions, American psychologist Dr. Robert Plutchik proposed that there are eight primary emotions that serve as the foundation for all others: joy, sadness, acceptance, disgust, fear, anger, surprise, and anticipation.
The basic human emotions have signature facial expressions that people are wired to recognize, even from a distance—the smile of happiness, the widened eyes and open mouth of surprise, the...
Primary emotions are the emotions that humans experience universally. There are different theories as to what these specific emotions are, but they often include happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and surprise.
In the 20th century, Paul Ekman identified six basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise) and Robert Plutchik eight, which he grouped into four pairs of polar...
Primary emotions were instincts we shared with other animals, whereas secondary emotions were uniquely human. Another view along similar lines holds that primary emotions are hard-wired into us through evolution, whereas secondary emotions are learned via socialization.