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1874 — Herbert McLeod invents the McLeod gauge. 1885 — Calender-Van Duesen invented the platinum resistance temperature device. 1887 — Richard Assmann invents the psychrometer (Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometers) 1892 — Henri-Louis Le Châtelier builds the first optical pyrometer.
Thermoscope. A thermoscope is a device that shows changes in temperature. A typical design is a tube in which a liquid rises and falls as the temperature changes. The modern thermometer gradually evolved from it with the addition of a scale in the early 17th century and standardisation throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. [ 1 ][ 2 ]
1870 – Clausius proves the scalar virial theorem. 1872 – Ludwig Boltzmann states the Boltzmann equation for the temporal development of distribution functions in phase space, and publishes his H-theorem. 1873 - Johannes Diderik van der Waals formulates his equation of state. 1874 – Thomson formally states the second law of thermodynamics.
A medical/clinical thermometer showing the temperature of 38.7 °C (101.7 °F) Temperature measurement (also known as thermometry) describes the process of measuring a current temperature for immediate or later evaluation. Datasets consisting of repeated standardized measurements can be used to assess temperature trends.
1920: Arthur Eddington: Stellar nucleosynthesis. 1922: Frederick Banting, Charles Best, James Collip, John Macleod: isolation and production of insulin to control diabetes. 1924: Wolfgang Pauli: quantum Pauli exclusion principle. 1924: Edwin Hubble: the discovery that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies.
A thermometer is a device that measures temperature (the degree of hotness or coldness of an object) or temperature gradient (the rates of change of temperature in space). A thermometer has two important elements: (1) a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer or the pyrometric sensor in an infrared thermometer) in ...
The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Due to the relevance of thermodynamics in much of science and technology, its history is finely woven with the developments of classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, magnetism, and chemical kinetics, to more distant applied fields such as ...
The following is a timeline of low-temperature technology and cryogenic technology (refrigeration down to close to absolute zero, i.e. –273.15 °C, –459.67 °F or 0 K). [1] It also lists important milestones in thermometry, thermodynamics, statistical physics and calorimetry, that were crucial in development of low temperature systems.