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Rh disease (also known as rhesus isoimmunization, Rh (D) disease, or rhesus incompatibility, and blue baby disease) is a type of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). HDFN due to anti-D antibodies is the proper and currently used name for this disease as the Rh blood group system actually has more than 50 antigens and not only the ...
These are typically signs of hydrops fetalis. [5] After birth, the symptoms of the child are similar to that of incompatible blood transfusion in adults. The baby may have pale skin due to anaemia. The yellowing of the umbilical cord, skin and eyes, also known as jaundice, may arise within 24 to 36 hours of birth. [5]
Hemolytic disease of the newborn, also known as hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, HDN, HDFN, or erythroblastosis fetalis, [1] [2] is an alloimmune condition that develops in a fetus at or around birth, when the IgG molecules (one of the five main types of antibodies) produced by the mother pass through the placenta.
Hemolysis caused by the Rh incompatibility, causes extramedullary hematopoiesis in the fetal liver and bone marrow. [6] The push to make more erythroblasts to help compensate with the hemolysis over works the liver causing hepatomegaly. The resulting liver dysfunction decreases albumin output which in turn decreases oncotic pressure ...
Cell-free DNA can be used the determine the Rh antigen of the fetus when the mother is Rh negative. Blood is taken from the mother during the pregnancy, and using PCR, can detect the K, C, c, D, and E alleles of fetal DNA. This blood test is non-invasive to the fetus and is an easy way of checking antigen status and risk of HDN.
Generally, HDFN becomes worse with each additional Rh incompatible pregnancy. One cause of pre-eclampsia is an abnormal immune response towards the placenta. There is substantial evidence for exposure to partner's semen as prevention for pre-eclampsia , largely due to the absorption of several immune modulating factors present in seminal fluid .
Blood compatibility testing is routinely performed before a blood transfusion.The full compatibility testing process involves ABO and RhD (Rh factor) typing; screening for antibodies against other blood group systems; and crossmatching, which involves testing the recipient's blood plasma against the donor's red blood cells as a final check for incompatibility.
General signs and symptoms include fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, and tachycardia. [2] In small children, failure to thrive may occur in any form of anemia. [6] [7] In addition, symptoms related to hemolysis may be present such as chills, jaundice, dark urine, and an enlarged spleen. [2]