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India in 1525 just before the onset of Mughal rule. The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reigned 1526–1530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the Persianized Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (the founder of the Timurid Empire) on his father's side, and from Genghis Khan on his mother's side. [11]
South Asia during the Mughal's rule was a very fertile ground for manufacturing technologies coveted by the Europeans before the Industrial Revolution. [124] Up until 1750, India produced about 25% of the world's industrial output. [125] Manufactured goods and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world. [102]
Empire size in this list is defined as the dry land area it controlled at the time, which may differ considerably from the area it claimed. For example: in the year 1800, European powers collectively claimed approximately 20% of the Earth's land surface that they did not effectively control. [ 8 ]
The Mughal dynasty (Persian: دودمان مغل, romanized: Dudmân-e Mughal) or the House of Babur (Persian: خاندانِ آلِ بابُر, romanized: Khāndān-e-Āl-e-Bābur), was a branch of the Timurid dynasty founded by Babur that ruled the Mughal Empire from its inception in 1526 till the early eighteenth century, and then as ceremonial suzerains over much of the empire until 1857.
Even after Mughal rule had collapsed, by about 1720, the other powers in India, such as the Maratha Confederacy, the British East India Company and many others, continued to use the title in certain contexts until the Mughal Empire was formally abolished in 1858. For example, the East India Company issued coinage in the name of the "emperor ...
The Mughal empire has developed relationships with Europeans such as British, Portuguese, Russia, and France. Mughal relations with the British in the 16th century are quite difficult, as local Mughal officials usually exploited the East India Company, who responded the Mughals harmful policies towards the British interest with harassing the Mughal vessels at the sea. [8]
Nasir al-Din Muhammad (6 March 1508 [1] – 27 January 1556), commonly known by his regnal name Humayun (Persian pronunciation: [hu.mɑː.juːn]), was the second Mughal emperor, who ruled over territory in what is now Eastern Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Northern India, and Pakistan from 1530 to 1540 and again from 1555 to his death in 1556. [6]
The decline of the Mughal Empire began with the death of Emperor Aurangzeb on 3 March 1707. The Mughals faced numerous invasions from the Maratha Confederacy and internal conflicts over succession. [5] The Mughals continued declining under Muhammad Shah, allowing adventurers such as Nader Shah to invade Mughal territories and sack Delhi. [6]