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  2. List of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trigonometric...

    In particular, in these two identities an asymmetry appears that is not seen in the case of sums of finitely many angles: in each product, there are only finitely many sine factors but there are cofinitely many cosine factors. Terms with infinitely many sine factors would necessarily be equal to zero. When only finitely many of the angles are ...

  3. Hadamard factorization theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadamard_factorization_theorem

    Otherwise, has infinitely many roots. This is the tricky part and requires splitting into two cases. This is the tricky part and requires splitting into two cases. First show that g ≤ floor ( ρ ) {\displaystyle g\leq {\text{floor}}(\rho )} , then show that ρ ≤ g + 1 {\displaystyle \rho \leq g+1} .

  4. Exact trigonometric values - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exact_trigonometric_values

    A geometric way of deriving the sine or cosine of 45° is by considering an isosceles right triangle with leg length 1. Since two of the angles in an isosceles triangle are equal, if the remaining angle is 90° for a right triangle, then the two equal angles are each 45°.

  5. Fourier series - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_series

    By expressing a function as a sum of sines and cosines, many problems involving the function become easier to analyze because trigonometric functions are well understood. For example, Fourier series were first used by Joseph Fourier to find solutions to the heat equation. This application is possible because the derivatives of trigonometric ...

  6. Euler's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_formula

    Euler's formula states that, for any real number x, one has = ⁡ + ⁡, where e is the base of the natural logarithm, i is the imaginary unit, and cos and sin are the trigonometric functions cosine and sine respectively. This complex exponential function is sometimes denoted cis x ("cosine plus i sine").

  7. Infinite product - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_product

    The same criterion applies to products of arbitrary complex numbers (including negative reals) if the logarithm is understood as a fixed branch of logarithm which satisfies ⁡ =, with the proviso that the infinite product diverges when infinitely many a n fall outside the domain of , whereas finitely many such a n can be ignored in the sum.

  8. Formal power series - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_power_series

    A formal power series can be loosely thought of as an object that is like a polynomial, but with infinitely many terms.Alternatively, for those familiar with power series (or Taylor series), one may think of a formal power series as a power series in which we ignore questions of convergence by not assuming that the variable X denotes any numerical value (not even an unknown value).

  9. Inverse trigonometric functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_trigonometric...

    For a given real number , with , there are multiple (in fact, countably infinitely many) numbers such that ⁡ =; for example, ⁡ =, but also ⁡ =, ⁡ =, etc. When only one value is desired, the function may be restricted to its principal branch .