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The Modern Defense (also known as the Robatsch Defence after Karl Robatsch) is a hypermodern chess opening in which Black allows White to occupy the center with pawns on d4 and e4, then proceeds to attack and undermine this "ideal" center without attempting to occupy it. The Modern Defense usually starts with the opening moves: 1. e4 g6
The Hypermodernists demonstrated their new ideas with games and victories. Aron Nimzowitsch, considered the founder and leading practitioner of hypermodernism, [1] showed that games could be won through indirect control of the centre, breaking with Tarrasch's view that the centre must be occupied by pawns.
The openings were published in five volumes of ECO, with volumes labeled "A" through "E". This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves. This list is incomplete ; you can help by adding missing items .
In chess, the Scheveningen Variation [1] of the Sicilian Defence is an opening that is a line of the Open Sicilian characterised by Black setting up a "small centre" with pawns on d6 and e6. There are numerous move orders that reach the Scheveningen; a common one is: 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6
The Scandinavian Defense (or Center Counter Defense, or Center Counter Game) is a chess opening characterized by the moves: 1. e4 d5. This opening is classified under code B01 in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings. The Scandinavian Defense, described in the poem Scachs d'amor, is the oldest opening by Black recorded in modern chess. [1]
The Nimzowitsch Defence (named after Aron Nimzowitsch) is a somewhat uncommon chess opening characterised by the moves: . 1. e4 Nc6. This opening is an example of a hypermodern opening in which Black invites White to occupy the centre of the board at an early stage with pawns. [1]
The Modern Benoni is a chess opening that begins with the moves 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6. It is classified under the ECO codes A60–A79. After the initial moves, Black proceeds to capture on d5, creating a majority of black pawns on the queenside. To support their advance, the king's bishop is usually fianchettoed on g7.
The Benko Gambit (or Volga Gambit) is a chess opening characterised by the move 3...b5 in the Benoni Defence arising after: . 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 b5. Black sacrifices a pawn for enduring queenside pressure.