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Radial glial cells, or radial glial progenitor cells (RGPs), are bipolar-shaped progenitor cells that are responsible for producing all of the neurons in the cerebral cortex. RGPs also produce certain lineages of glia , including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes .
Radial glial cells, also called radial glial progenitor cells, divide asymmetrically to produce a neuroblast and another radial glial cell that will re-enter the cell cycle. [5] [3] This mitosis occurs in the germinal neuroepithelium (or germinal zone), when a radial glial cell divides to produce the neuroblast. The neuroblast detaches from the ...
Studies have shown that radial glia in the SGZ express nestin and Sox2, biomarkers associated with neural stem cells, and that isolated radial glia can generate new neurons in vitro. [8] Radial glial cells often divide asymmetrically, producing one new stem cell and one neuronal precursor cell per division. Thus, they have the capacity for self ...
These early stem cells are called neuroepithelial cells (NEC)s, but soon take on a highly elongated radial morphology and are then known as radial glial cells (RGC)s. [3] RGCs are the primary stem cells of the mammalian CNS, and reside in the embryonic ventricular zone , which lies adjacent to the central fluid-filled cavity ( ventricular ...
The progenitor cells and radial glial cells respond to extracellular trophic factors - like ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cytokines or neuregulin 1 (NRG1) - that can determine whether the cells will differentiate into either neurons or glia. [5]
However, such mechanisms are disrupted upon genetic damage. Studies now suggest glioma formation may result from cellular insensitivity to regulatory growth factors and cell signals, like neurogenin, that would normally inhibit further proliferation of glial cells. [28]
The radial glial cells are disposed in planes perpendicular to the axes of ventricles. One of their processes abuts the pia mater , while the other is deeply buried in gray matter. Radial glia are mostly present during development, playing a role in neuron migration .
Neurogenesis is also a two-tiered pattern. When radial glial cells divide, they produce one replacement radial glial cell and one IPC. That IPC can then divide to form two like neurons. This method is important because it allows more neurons to be produced while still conserving glia to regenerate the cycle.