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  2. Graphite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite

    The expanded graphite can be used to make graphite foil or used directly as a "hot top" compound to insulate molten metal in a ladle or red-hot steel ingots and decrease heat loss, or as firestops fitted around a fire door or in sheet metal collars surrounding plastic pipe (during a fire, the graphite expands and chars to resist fire ...

  3. Cementite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementite

    In the iron–carbon system (i.e. plain-carbon steels and cast irons) it is a common constituent because ferrite can contain at most 0.02wt% of uncombined carbon. [6] Therefore, in carbon steels and cast irons that are slowly cooled, a portion of the carbon is in the form of cementite. [ 7 ]

  4. Allotropes of carbon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon

    Likewise, under standard conditions, graphite is the most stable form of carbon. Therefore, it is used in thermochemistry as the standard state for defining the heat of formation of carbon compounds. Graphite conducts electricity, due to delocalization of the pi bond electrons above and below the planes of the carbon atoms. These electrons are ...

  5. Cast iron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_iron

    Cast iron is made from pig iron, which is the product of melting iron ore in a blast furnace. Cast iron can be made directly from the molten pig iron or by re-melting pig iron, [4] often along with substantial quantities of iron, steel, limestone, carbon (coke) and taking various steps to remove undesirable contaminants.

  6. Compacted graphite iron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compacted_graphite_iron

    Compacted graphite iron (CGI), also known as vermicular graphite iron (GJV, VG, [1] JV [2] or GGV from the German: "Gusseisen mit Vermiculargraphit" [3]) especially in non-English speaking countries, [4] is a metal which is gaining popularity in applications that require either greater strength, or lower weight than cast iron.

  7. Ductile iron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductile_iron

    Ductile iron is used in many piano harps (the iron plates which anchor piano strings). Ductile iron is used for vises. Previously, regular cast iron or steel was commonly used. The properties of ductile iron make it a significant upgrade in strength and durability from cast iron without having to use steel, which is expensive and has poor ...

  8. Annealed pyrolytic graphite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealed_pyrolytic_graphite

    Annealed Pyrolytic Graphite (APG), also known as Thermally Annealed Pyrolytic Graphite (TPG), [1] is a form of synthetic graphite that offers excellent in-plane thermal conductivity. As with pyrolytic carbon or pyrolytic graphite (PG), APG is also low in mass, is electrically conductive , and offers diamagnetic properties that allow it to ...

  9. Malleable iron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleable_iron

    In order to properly form the spherical-shaped nodules of graphite (called temper graphite nodules or temper carbon nodules) in the annealing process, care must be taken to ensure that the iron casting will solidify with an entirely white iron cross section. Thicker sections of a casting will cool slowly, allowing some primary graphite to form ...