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Photon-counting mammography was introduced commercially in 2003 and was the first widely available application of photon-counting detector technology in medical x-ray imaging. [1] Photon-counting mammography improves dose efficiency compared to conventional technologies, [ 2 ] and enables spectral imaging .
When a photon interacts in a PCD, the amplitude of the resulting electrical pulse is roughly proportional to the photon energy. By comparing each pulse produced in a pixel with a suitable low-energy threshold, contributions from low-energy events (resulting from both photon interactions and electronic noise) can be filtered out. This ...
Photon counting eliminates gain noise, where the proportionality constant between analog signal out and number of photons varies randomly. Thus, the excess noise factor of a photon-counting detector is unity, and the achievable signal-to-noise ratio for a fixed number of photons is generally higher than the same detector without photon counting.
Dual-energy imaging, i.e. imaging at two energy levels, is a special case of spectral imaging and is still the most widely used terminology, but the terms "spectral imaging" and "spectral CT" have been coined to acknowledge the fact that photon-counting detectors have the potential for measurements at a larger number of energy levels. [2] [3]
Medipix-3 is the latest generation of photon counting devices for X-ray imaging. The pixel pitch remains the same (55 μm) as well as the pixel array size (256x256). It has better energy resolution through real time correction of charge sharing.
In the early 2010s, single-pixel imaging was exploited in fluorescence microscopy, for imaging biological samples. [7] Coupled with the technique of time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC), the use of single-pixel imaging for compressive fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) has also been explored. [8]
Metal K-edge spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique used to study the electronic structures of transition metal atoms and complexes. This method measures X-ray absorption caused by the excitation of a 1s electron to valence bound states localized on the metal, which creates a characteristic absorption peak called the K-edge. The K-edge can ...
The photon-coincidence rate at the output ports of the beam splitter is measure as a function of length difference by a pair of single-photon-counting detectors and a coincidence counter. Due to the quantum destructive interference, both photons emerge from the same port when the optical path lengths are equal.