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Critical thinking is the process of analyzing available facts, evidence, observations, and arguments to make sound conclusions or informed choices. It involves recognizing underlying assumptions, providing justifications for ideas and actions, evaluating these justifications through comparisons with varying perspectives, and assessing their rationality and potential consequences. [1]
Critical Pedagogy is believed to have its roots in the critical theory of the Frankfurt School, which was established in 1923.As an outgrowth of critical theory, critical pedagogy is intended to educate and work towards a realization of the emancipatory goals of critical pedagogy.
The problem of critical thinking is closely connected to that of indoctrination. [7] [6] Many theorists hold that indoctrination is in important ways different from education and should be avoided in education. [8] [5] But others contend that indoctrination should be part of education or even that there is no difference between the two. These ...
Various scholars emphasize the importance of critical thinking in distinguishing education from indoctrination. [17] They argue that indoctrination focuses solely on instilling beliefs in students, regardless of their rationality; [18] whereas education also encourages the rational ability to critically examine and question those beliefs. [19]
Socratic questioning (or Socratic maieutics) [1] is an educational method named after Socrates that focuses on discovering answers by asking questions of students. According to Plato, Socrates believed that "the disciplined practice of thoughtful questioning enables the scholar/student to examine ideas and be able to determine the validity of those ideas". [2]
In secondary education in the UK, critical understanding can be used as an umbrella term to define thinking skills which encourage children to, ‘have enquiring minds and think for themselves to process information, reason, question and evaluate’ [12] Students’ ability to apply critical thought to a given task is important across the ...
Higher-order thinking, also known as higher order thinking skills (HOTS), [1] is a concept applied in relation to education reform and based on learning taxonomies (such as American psychologist Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy). The idea is that some types of learning require more cognitive processing than others, but also have more generalized benefits.
Constructivism in education is rooted in epistemology, a theory of knowledge concerned with the logical categories of knowledge and its justification. [3] It acknowledges that learners bring prior knowledge and experiences shaped by their social and cultural environment and that learning is a process of students "constructing" knowledge based on their experiences.