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Otitis media is a group of inflammatory diseases of the middle ear. [2] One of the two main types is acute otitis media (AOM), [3] an infection of rapid onset that usually presents with ear pain. [1] In young children this may result in pulling at the ear, increased crying, and poor sleep. [1] Decreased eating and a fever may also be present. [1]
The pathophysiology of mastoiditis is straightforward: bacteria spread from the middle ear to the mastoid air cells, where the inflammation causes damage to the bony structures. Streptococcus pneumoniae , Streptococcus pyogenes , Staphylococcus aureus , Haemophilus influenzae , and Moraxella catarrhalis are the most common organisms recovered ...
The most common aetiology of acute otitis externa is bacterial infection, [5] while chronic cases are often associated with underlying skin diseases such as eczema or psoriasis. [6] A third form, malignant otitis externa, or necrotising otitis externa, is a potentially life-threatening, invasive infection of the external auditory canal and ...
More than 80% of children experience at least one episode of otitis media by age 3 years. [23] Acute otitis media is also most common in these first 3 years of life, though older children may also experience it. [19] The most common causative bacteria are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. [19] Otitis ...
Necrotizing external otitis (malignant otitis externa) is an uncommon form of external otitis that occurs mainly in elderly diabetics, being somewhat more likely and more severe when the diabetes is poorly controlled. Even less commonly, it can develop due to a severely compromised immune system.
The bacteria are mesophilic and grow best at temperatures between 35 and 37 °C. [1] H. influenzae was first described in 1893 [2] [3] by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic [4] when he incorrectly identified it as the causative microbe, which is why the bacteria was given the name "influenzae".
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[2] [3] Complications can include sinusitis and acute otitis media. [2] Pharyngitis is a type of upper respiratory tract infection. [7] Most cases are caused by a viral infection. [2] Strep throat, a bacterial infection, is the cause in about 25% of children and 10% of adults. [2]