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In Excel and Word 95 and prior editions a weak protection algorithm is used that converts a password to a 16-bit verifier and a 16-byte XOR obfuscation array [1] key. [4] Hacking software is now readily available to find a 16-byte key and decrypt the password-protected document. [5] Office 97, 2000, XP and 2003 use RC4 with 40 bits. [4]
Because asymmetric key algorithms are nearly always much more computationally intensive than symmetric ones, it is common to use a public/private asymmetric key-exchange algorithm to encrypt and exchange a symmetric key, which is then used by symmetric-key cryptography to transmit data using the now-shared symmetric key for a symmetric key ...
Asymmetric encryption expands on symmetric encryption by incorporating two different types of keys into the encryption method: private and public keys. [20] A public key can be accessed by anyone and is unique to one user whereas a private key is a secret key that is unique to and only known by one user. [21]
Column level encryption is a type of database encryption method that allows user to select specific information or attributes to be encrypted instead of encrypting the entire database file. To understand why column level encryption is different from other encryption methods like file level encryption , disk encryption , and database encryption ...
Attribute-based encryption is a generalisation of public-key encryption which enables fine grained access control of encrypted data using authorisation policies.The secret key of a user and the ciphertext are dependent upon attributes (e.g. their email address, the country in which they live, or the kind of subscription they have).
X.509 public key certificates, X.509 CRLs In cryptography , PKCS #7 ("PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax", "CMS") is a standard syntax for storing signed and/or encrypted data. PKCS #7 is one of the family of standards called Public-Key Cryptography Standards ( PKCS ) created by RSA Laboratories .
NTRU is an open-source public-key cryptosystem that uses lattice-based cryptography to encrypt and decrypt data. It consists of two algorithms: NTRUEncrypt, which is used for encryption, and NTRUSign, which is used for digital signatures. Unlike other popular public-key cryptosystems, it is resistant to attacks using Shor's algorithm ...
A sender encrypts data with the receiver's public key; only the holder of the private key can decrypt this data. Since public-key algorithms tend to be much slower than symmetric-key algorithms, modern systems such as TLS and SSH use a combination of the two: one party receives the other's public key, and encrypts a small piece of data (either ...