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A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation. [1] Usually it is a secreted protein or a steroid hormone .
Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) is a chaperone protein that assists other proteins to fold properly, stabilizes proteins against heat stress, and aids in protein degradation. It also stabilizes a number of proteins required for tumor growth, which is why Hsp90 inhibitors are investigated as anti-cancer drugs.
The polar equation for a golden spiral is the same as for other logarithmic spirals, but with a special value of the growth factor b: [10] = or = (/), with e being the base of natural logarithms, a being the initial radius of the spiral, and b such that when θ is a right angle (a quarter turn in either direction): =.
αvβ6-Integrin, the biological target of 68 Ga-Trivehexin, is a heterodimeric transmembrane cell adhesion receptor whose primary natural ligand is latency associated peptide (LAP) [2] in its complex with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). [3] Binding of αvβ6-integrin to LAP releases [4] and thus, activates [5] TGF-β1.
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation by binding to its receptor, EGFR. Human EGF is 6-k Da [ 5 ] and has 53 amino acid residues and three intramolecular disulfide bonds .
TGFBR3 is composed of an extracellular receptor domain consisting of 849 amino acids which is intracellularly connected to a short cytoplasmic domain. Betaglycan, being expressed by a whole range of various cell types within the organism, can be found in the form of a membrane-bound receptor, or as a soluble protein capable of interactions with the extracellular matrix ().
GDF2 contains an N-terminal TGF-beta-like pro-peptide (prodomain) (residues 56–257) and a C-terminal transforming growth factor beta superfamily domain (325–428). [6] GDF2 (BMP9) is secreted as a pro-complex consisting of the BMP9 growth factor dimer non-covalently bound to two BMP9 prodomain molecules in an open-armed conformation.
Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFA gene. [5] As a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, TGF-α is a mitogenic polypeptide. [6] The protein becomes activated when binding to receptors capable of protein kinase activity for cellular signaling.