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There is ongoing debate over how cyberwarfare should be defined and no absolute definition is widely agreed upon. [9] [12] While the majority of scholars, militaries, and governments use definitions that refer to state and state-sponsored actors, [9] [13] [14] other definitions may include non-state actors, such as terrorist groups, companies, political or ideological extremist groups ...
A cyberattack is any type of offensive maneuver employed by individuals or whole organizations that targets computer information systems, infrastructures, computer networks, and/or personal computer devices by various means of malicious acts usually originating from an anonymous source that either steals, alters, or destroys a specified target by hacking into a susceptible system.
A 1 April 1991 article in InfoWorld Magazine "Meta-Virus Set to Unleash Plague on Windows 3.0 Users" by John Gantz [42] was purported to be an extremely early example of cyber warfare between 2 countries. In fact the "AF/91 virus" was an April Fools Joke that was misunderstood and widely re-reported as fact by credulous media. [43]
Cyber-kinetic attacks should not be confused with the simple denial of an information system, such as Distributed Denial of Service attack. In these cases, such attacks merely deny access to an information system, where as a cyber-kinetic attack would deny access to a system by physically destroying part of a system or the entire system, rather ...
Corporate warfare; Cozy Bear; Cyber attribution; Cyber espionage; Cyber force; Cyber resilience; Cyber Resilience Review; Cyber Security Agency; Cyber Security Center of the Mongolian Armed Forces; Cyber spying on universities; Cyber threat intelligence; List of cyber warfare forces; Cyber-security regulation; CyberResistance; Information ...
The 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia were a series of cyberattacks that began on 27 April 2007 and targeted websites of Estonian organizations, including Estonian parliament, banks, ministries, newspapers, and broadcasters, amid the country's disagreement with Russia about the relocation of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn, an elaborate Soviet-era grave marker, as well as war graves in Tallinn.
Example of such actions are surveillance, data theft and electronic or physical destruction. While a cyberweapon almost certainly results in either direct or indirect financial damages to the target group, direct financial gains for the sponsor are not a primary objective of this class of agent.
A cyberattack can be defined as any attempt by an individual or organization "using one or more computers and computer systems to steal, expose, change, disable or eliminate information, or to breach computer information systems, computer networks, and computer infrastructures". [1]