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For pairs of objects that are not both points, the distance can most simply be defined as the smallest distance between any two points from the two objects, although more complicated generalizations from points to sets such as Hausdorff distance are also commonly used. [6] Formulas for computing distances between different types of objects include:
The distance is measured by a function called a metric or distance function. [1] Metric spaces are the most general setting for studying many of the concepts of mathematical analysis and geometry . The most familiar example of a metric space is 3-dimensional Euclidean space with its usual notion of distance.
A metric or distance function is a function d which takes pairs of points or objects to real numbers and satisfies the following rules: The distance between an object and itself is always zero. The distance between distinct objects is always positive. Distance is symmetric: the distance from x to y is always the same as the distance from y to x.
Euclidean spaces, that is, the usual three-dimensional space and its analogues for other dimensions, are convex metric spaces. Given any two distinct points and in such a space, the set of all points satisfying the above "triangle equality" forms the line segment between and , which always has other points except and , in fact, it has a continuum of points.
The definition of the Hausdorff distance can be derived by a series of natural extensions of the distance function (,) in the underlying metric space M, as follows: [7] Define a distance function between any point x of M and any non-empty set Y of M by: (,) = {(,)}.
The distance (or perpendicular distance) from a point to a line is the shortest distance from a fixed point to any point on a fixed infinite line in Euclidean geometry. It is the length of the line segment which joins the point to the line and is perpendicular to the line. The formula for calculating it can be derived and expressed in several ways.
Distance geometry is the branch of mathematics concerned with characterizing and studying sets of points based only on given values of the distances between pairs of points. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] More abstractly, it is the study of semimetric spaces and the isometric transformations between them.
the distance between the two lines is the distance between the two intersection points of these lines with the perpendicular line = /. This distance can be found by first solving the linear systems {= + = /, and {= + = /, to get the coordinates of the intersection points. The solutions to the linear systems are the points