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Main Ridge is dominated by lower montane rain forest [15] (according to John Stanley Beard's classification of the vegetation of Tobago). [7] In Tobago, these forests are characterised by an emergent canopy of Licania biglandulosa and Byrsonima spicata, [7] [16] with the palm Euterpe broadwayi more common on exposed ridges and summits. [7]
Approximately 90% of the islands are in this ecoregion. There are a few scattered mangroves of the Trinidad mangroves ecoregion at the main river estuaries, a ring of dry forest of the Trinidad and Tobago dry forests ecoregion around the Caroni Swamp, just south of the capital city of Port of Spain, and a small section of dry forest at the northeast end of Tobago.
The Tobago Forest Reserve (Main Ridge Reserve) is the oldest protected rain forest in the Western hemisphere and is biodiverse. It was designated a protected Crown reserve on 17 April 1776 after representations by Soame Jenyns , a Member of Parliament in Britain responsible for Tobago's development.
The endemic flora of Trinidad and Tobago includes a total of 59 species of vascular plants belonging to 34 plant families. This is less than 3% of the total vascular plant flora of Trinidad and Tobago. Thirty-nine of these species are endemic to Trinidad, 12 are Tobagonian endemics, and six are present on both islands. [1]
The Trinidad mangroves ecoregion (WWF ID: NT1436) covers the separate mangrove forest areas on the coast of the island of Trinidad, in the country of Trinidad and Tobago.The character of the mangroves is affected by the large amount of fresh water flowing out of the Orinoco River and Amazon River to the south, which flow northwest around the island.
The flora of Trinidad and Tobago is believed to include about 2,500 species of vascular plants. [1] There are about 50 species of freshwater fish (plus 30 marine species which are occasionally found in freshwater) [2] 400–500 marine fish species, [3] 30 amphibian species, about 90 reptiles, [2] 469 species of birds, and 98 mammal species.
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Dry forest on Chacachacare, showing the short, shrubby growth-form of the forest.. Trinidad and Tobago dry forests are tropical dry forests located primarily in western and southern parts of the island of Trinidad, in southern parts of the island of Tobago and on smaller offshore islands including Chacachacare, Monos, Huevos, Gaspar Grande, Little Tobago and Saint Giles Island.