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The characteristics of liberal democracies are correlated with increased political stability, [5] lower corruption, [6] better management of resources, [7] and better health indicators such as life expectancy and infant mortality. [8] Liberal democracy traces its origins—and its name—to the Age of Enlightenment.
However, nationalism also spread rapidly after 1815. A mixture of liberal and nationalist sentiments in Italy and Germany brought about the unification of the two countries in the late 19th century. A liberal regime came to power in Italy and ended the secular power of the Popes. However, the Vatican launched a counter-crusade against liberalism.
Meanwhile in the Republican ranks a new wing of the party emerged. The anti-establishment conservatives who had been aroused by Barry Goldwater in 1964 challenged the more liberal leadership in 1976 and took control of the party under Ronald Reagan in 1980. Liberal Republicans faded away even in their Northeastern strongholds. [81]
Nevertheless, the liberal ideology lost its attractiveness. Liberal commentator E. J. Dionne contends: "If liberal ideology began to crumble intellectually in the 1960s it did so in part because the New Left represented a highly articulate and able wrecking crew". [196]
Highly educated Americans are more likely to be liberal. In 2015, 44% of Americans with college degrees identified as liberal, while 29% identified as conservative. Americans without college experience were about equally likely to identify as liberal or conservative, with roughly half identifying as having mixed political values. [188]
By the First World War, the Liberal Party had largely abandoned classical liberal principles. [47] The changing economic and social conditions of the 19th century led to a division between neo-classical and social (or welfare) liberals, who while agreeing on the importance of individual liberty differed on the role of the state.
Liberal philosopher Thomas Hill Green began to espouse a more interventionist government approach. Green's definition of liberty, influenced by Joseph Priestley and Josiah Warren, was that the individual ought to be free to do as he wishes unless he harms others. [67] Mill was also an early proponent of feminism.
Liberal Republican Party; National Democratic Party; People's Party; Progressive Party (1912) Progressive Party (1924) Progressive Party (1948) Republican Party (historically, factions) Black-and-tans; Half-Breeds; Radical Republicans; Rockefeller Republicans; Roosevelt Republicans; Moderate Republicans; Mugwumps; Rhode Island Suffrage Party ...