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Using beta to evaluate a stock’s risk. Beta allows for a good comparison between an individual stock and a market-tracking index fund, but it doesn’t offer a complete portrait of a stock’s ...
Beta is not a measure of idiosyncratic risk. Beta is the hedge ratio of an investment with respect to the stock market. For example, to hedge out the market-risk of a stock with a market beta of 2.0, an investor would short $2,000 in the stock market for every $1,000 invested in the stock. Thus insured, movements of the overall stock market no ...
Modern portfolio theory (MPT), or mean-variance analysis, is a mathematical framework for assembling a portfolio of assets such that the expected return is maximized for a given level of risk. It is a formalization and extension of diversification in investing, the idea that owning different kinds of financial assets is less risky than owning ...
For example, if a stock tends to show varying returns that are 50% greater than the movements of the overall market, that stock will have a beta of 1.5. The overall market has a beta of 1.0, as it ...
e. In the context of operational risk, the standardized approach or standardised approach is a set of operational risk measurement techniques proposed under Basel II capital adequacy rules for banking institutions. Basel II requires all banking institutions to set aside capital for operational risk. Standardized approach falls between basic ...
The single-index model (SIM) is a simple asset pricing model to measure both the risk and the return of a stock. The model has been developed by William Sharpe in 1963 and is commonly used in the finance industry. Mathematically the SIM is expressed as: α + ϵ {\displaystyle r_ {it}-r_ {f}=\alpha _ {i}+\beta _ {i} (r_ {mt}-r_ {f})+\epsilon ...
Fama–MacBeth regression. The Fama–MacBeth regression is a method used to estimate parameters for asset pricing models such as the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The method estimates the betas and risk premia for any risk factors that are expected to determine asset prices.
Risk premium is the product of the market price of risk and the quantity of risk, and the risk is the standard deviation of the portfolio. The CML equation is : R P = I RF + (R M – I RF)σ P /σ M. where, R P = expected return of portfolio I RF = risk-free rate of interest R M = return on the market portfolio σ M = standard deviation of the ...