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The presence of a few small ("hard") drusen is normal with advancing age, and most people over 40 have some hard drusen. [1] However, the presence of larger and more numerous drusen in the macula is a common early sign of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
In children, optic disc drusen are usually buried and undetectable by fundoscopy except for a mild or moderate elevation of the optic disc. With age, the overlying axons become atrophied and the drusen become exposed and more visible. They may become apparent with an ophthalmoscope and some visual field loss at the end of adolescence. [7]
The incidence of age-related macular degeneration and its associated features increases with age and is low in people <55 years of age. [101] Smoking is the strongest modifiable risk factor. [102] As of 2008, age-related macular degeneration accounts for more than 54% of all vision loss in the white population in the US. [103]
Fundus of geographic atrophy. Geographic atrophy (GA), also known as atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or advanced dry AMD, is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration that can result in the progressive and irreversible loss of retinal tissue (photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, choriocapillaris) which can lead to a loss of central vision over time.
The inherited optic neuropathies typically manifest asa symmetric bilateral central visual loss. Optic nerve damage in most inherited optic neuropathies is permanent and progressive. Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is the most frequently occurring mitochondrial disease, and this inherited form of acute or subacute vision loss ...
Fluorescein angiographic studies [9] [10] have demonstrated that during the acute phase of NAION, there is a delay in blood flow to the optic disc, suggesting a potential impairment in the arteries directly supplying it. Other research indicates that a drop in blood pressure within specific critical areas of the optic disc's blood supply ...
Motor delay is most common (75%) and communication delay is least common (44%). Predictors of significantly delayed development include hypoplasia or agenesis of the corpus callosum and hypothyroidism. The absence of the septum pellucidum does not predict developmental delay. Delays may occur in unilateral (39%) as well as bilateral (78%) cases ...
Age-Related Macular Degeneration is a degenerative maculopathy associated with progressive sight loss. It is characterised by changes in pigmentation in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium, the appearance of drusen on the retina of the eye and choroidal neovascularization. AMD has two forms; 'dry' or atrophic/non-exudative AMD, and 'wet' or ...