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In Haskell, the polymorphic function map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b] is generalized to a polytypic function fmap :: Functor f => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b, which applies to any type belonging the Functor type class. The type constructor of lists [] can be defined as an instance of the Functor type class using the map function from the previous example:
A map, sometimes referred to as a dictionary, consists of a key/value pair. The key is used to order the sequence, and the value is somehow associated with that key. For example, a map might contain keys representing every unique word in a text and values representing the number of times that word appears in the text.
Aside from the seven "primitive" data types, every value in JavaScript is an object. [50] ECMAScript 2015 also added the Map data structure, which accepts arbitrary values as keys. [51] C++11 includes unordered_map in its standard library for storing keys and values of arbitrary types. [52] Go's built-in map implements a hash table in the form ...
A bidirectional map is a related abstract data type in which the mappings operate in both directions: each value must be associated with a unique key, and a second lookup operation takes a value as an argument and looks up the key associated with that value.
// This is usually implemented as a min-heap or priority queue rather than a hash-set. openSet:= {start} // For node n, cameFrom[n] is the node immediately preceding it on the cheapest path from the start // to n currently known. cameFrom:= an empty map // For node n, gScore[n] is the currently known cost of the cheapest path from start to n ...
"Ordered" means that the elements of the data type have some kind of explicit order to them, where an element can be considered "before" or "after" another element. This order is usually determined by the order in which the elements are added to the structure, but the elements can be rearranged in some contexts, such as sorting a list.
The original construction of Fredman, Komlós & Szemerédi (1984) uses a two-level scheme to map a set S of n elements to a range of O(n) indices, and then map each index to a range of hash values. The first level of their construction chooses a large prime p (larger than the size of the universe from which S is drawn), and a parameter k , and ...
In the programming language C++, unordered associative containers are a group of class templates in the C++ Standard Library that implement hash table variants. Being templates, they can be used to store arbitrary elements, such as integers or custom classes.