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The system of bonded labour existed in Nepal since the 18th century; following the unification of Nepal, members of the ruling elite received land grants in the Terai and were entitled to collect revenue from those who cultivated the land. [3] The Kamaiya system bonds males to labour, and the Kamlari system bonds females.
The victims of this bonded labour system are usually dalit families, most commonly from the Musahar caste. Due to landlessness and poverty, they are forced into service of landowner families under slavery-like conditions. [2] The haruwa–charuwa system is similar to the Haliya and Kamaiya systems of western Nepal. [2] [3]
A Haliya (Nepali: हलिया) is an agricultural bonded labourer who works on another person's land. The literal meaning of Haliya is "one who ploughs". Haliyas can be found throughout Nepal. But the Haliya system in the far western hilly part of Nepal is considered a bonded labour system. [1]
Labour force availability (as of 2006) map. Nepal has a labour force of 16.8 million workers, the 37th largest in the world as of 2017. [1] Although agriculture makes up only about 28 per cent of Nepal's GDP, it employs more than two-thirds of the workforce. [2]
In 2005, debt bondage was the most common method of enslavement, with an estimated 8.1 million people bonded to labour illegally as cited by the International Labour Organization. [3] Debt bondage has been described by the United Nations as a form of " modern day slavery ", and the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery seeks to ...
In July 2000, the Government of Nepal abolished the practice of bonded labour prevalent under the Kamaiya system and declared loan papers illegal. Kamaiya families were thus enfranchised from debts supposedly incurred, but were also rendered homeless and jobless. [37]
Backward Society Education (BASE) is a nonprofit non-governmental organization that works with Tharu in Western Nepal to fight illiteracy, bonded labor from the Kamaiya system, and a number of other issues in the region.
According to the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, bonded labor and other forms of economic exploitation currently exist in nearby regions including India, Nepal, [90] and several Chinese provinces. [citation needed] Kamaiya, the bonded labour system in neighbouring Nepal, was formally abolished in the year 2000.