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The chronology of Mandukya Upanishad, like that of other Upanishads, is uncertain and contested. [12] The chronology is difficult to resolve because all opinions rest on scanty evidence, an analysis of archaism, style and repetitions across texts, driven by assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.
The Mandukya [Upanishad] is enough; if knowledge is not attained from it, then study the Ten Upanishads. Attaining knowledge very quickly, you will reach my abode. If certainty is not attained even then, study the 32 Upanishads and stop. If desiring Moksha without the body, read the 108 Upanishads. Hear their order.
In the Upanishad, verse 2.2.2, the Mundaka Upanishad claims that Atma-Brahma is real. [46] Verse 2.2.3 offers help in the process of meditation, such as Om . Verse 2.2.8 claims that the one who possesses self-knowledge and has become one with Brahman is free, not affected by Karma , free from sorrow and Atma-doubt, he who is happy.
Turiya as 'the fourth' is referred to in a number of principal Upanishads. [1] One of the earliest mentions of the phrase turiya, "fourth", is in verse 5.14.3 of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (7th-6th century BCE), referring to a 'fourth foot' of the Gayatri Mantra, the first, second and third foot being the 24 syllables of this mantra:
Madhva, of the view that the Gita is as much a part of the religious canon as Upanishads or the Vedas, has authored two commentaries on it.His first work, Gita Bhashya is expositional while the latter, Gita Tatparya, is polemical in nature.
The Mandukya Upanishad is the shortest of all the Upanishads, found in the Atharvaveda text. [73] The text discusses the syllable Om, presents the theory of four states of consciousness, and asserts the existence and nature of the Atman (Soul, Self). [73] [74]
The Māṇḍukya Kārikā is a concise explanation, in verse form, [note 2] of the doctrines in Mandukya Upanishad, one of the shortest but a profound Upanishad, consisting of just 12 sentences. [17] Even before the time of Adi Shankara, Mandukya Upanishad was considered to be a Śruti, but not one particularly important during his era. [18]
The exact chronology of Mundaka Upanishad, like other Vedic texts, is unclear. [7] All opinions rest on scanty evidence, an analysis of archaism, style and repetitions across texts, driven by assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.