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Illustration of the triad. The dark triad is a psychological theory of personality, first published by Delroy L. Paulhus and Kevin M. Williams in 2002, [1] that describes three notably offensive, but non-pathological personality types: Machiavellianism, sub-clinical narcissism, and sub-clinical psychopathy.
The Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI), Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale (NGS), Interpersonal Exploitativeness Scale (IES) and Psychological Entitlement Scale (PES) are among those tests that have been researched to replace the NPI, though some don't directly measure narcissism and instead measure a subcategory of narcissism like Entitlement.
Narcissistic defenses are among the earliest defense mechanisms to emerge, and include denial, distortion, and projection. [4] Splitting is another defense mechanism prevalent among individuals with narcissistic personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder—seeing people and situations in black and white terms, either as all bad or all good.
For instance, someone with narcissistic traits may act self important but still demonstrate consideration for others' opinions and feelings; diagnosed or pathological narcissists often ignore the ...
Narcissists like it when their partner (or someone in their life) depends on them for money. So, if things suddenly change and that person gets a job, or starts hanging out with someone else who ...
The term narcissistic rage was a concept introduced by Heinz Kohut in 1972. Narcissistic rage was theorised as a reaction to a perceived threat to a narcissist's self-esteem or self-worth. Narcissistic rage occurs on a continuum from aloofness, to expressions of mild irritation or annoyance, to serious outbursts, including violent attacks. [125]
: The Seven Deadly Sins of Narcissism. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4391-0653-2. McFarlin D (2002). Where Egos Dare: The Untold Truth About Narcissistic Leaders – And How to Survive Them. London: Kogan Page. ISBN 978-0-7494-3773-2.) Twenge JM, Campbell WK (April 2009). The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement. Simon and ...
Healthy narcissism is a positive sense of self that is in alignment with the greater good. [1] [2] [3] The concept of healthy narcissism was first coined by Paul Federn and gained prominence in the 1970s through the research of Heinz Kohut and Otto Kernberg.