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The Jerusalem Talmud (Hebrew: תַּלְמוּד יְרוּשַׁלְמִי, romanized: Talmud Yerushalmi, often Yerushalmi for short) or Palestinian Talmud, [1] [2] also known as the Talmud of the Land of Israel, [3] [4] is a collection of rabbinic notes on the second-century Jewish oral tradition known as the Mishnah.
The Jerusalem Talmud was a written codification of oral tradition that had been circulating for centuries [16] and represents a compilation of scholastic teachings and analyses on the Mishnah (especially those concerning agricultural laws) found across regional centres of the Land of Israel now known as the Academies in Galilee (principally ...
While Talmud Bavli has had a standardized page count for over 100 years based on the Vilna edition, the standard page count of the Yerushalmi found in most modern scholarly literature is based on the first printed edition (Venice 1523) which uses folio (#) and column number (a,b,c,and d; eg. Berachot 2d would be folio page 2, column 4).
In 1700, Johann Andreas Eisenmenger published Entdecktes Judenthum (Judaism Unmasked), which included descriptions of Jesus in the Talmud, and which would become the basis of much anti-Semitic literature in later centuries such as The Talmud Unmasked written in 1892 by Justinas Bonaventure Pranaitis. [21]
The Babylonian Talmud, compiled by scholars in Babylonia around 500 CE and primarily from the academies of Sura, Pumbedita, and Nehardea, is the more commonly cited version when referring to the "Gemara" or "Talmud" without further qualification. The main compilers of the Babylonian Talmud were Ravina and Rav Ashi.
Both the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud have been transmitted in written form to the present day, although the more extensive Babylonian Talmud is widely considered to be more authoritative. [8] The Talmud's discussions follow the order of the Mishnah, although not all tractates are discussed.
Mishnah study, independent of the Talmud, was a marginal phenomenon before the late 15th century. The few commentaries that had been published tended to be limited to the tractates not covered by the Talmud, while Maimonides' commentary was written in Judeo-Arabic and thus inaccessible to many Jewish communities.
The Leiden Talmud was written in 1289 by Rabbi Jehiel ben Rabbi Jekuthiel ben rabbi Benjamin HaRofe. [1] Jehiel lived in Rome during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries where he was a famous scholar, writer, poet (of Piyyutim/liturgical poetry), and a copyist. He is best known as the author of the book of piety Maalot ha-Middot. [3]