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Python sets are very much like mathematical sets, and support operations like set intersection and union. Python also features a frozenset class for immutable sets, see Collection types. Dictionaries (class dict) are mutable mappings tying keys and corresponding values. Python has special syntax to create dictionaries ({key: value})
In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is a branch of algebra.It differs from elementary algebra in two ways. First, the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0, whereas in elementary algebra the values of the variables are numbers.
In computer science, a logical shift is a bitwise operation that shifts all the bits of its operand. The two base variants are the logical left shift and the logical right shift . This is further modulated by the number of bit positions a given value shall be shifted, such as shift left by 1 or shift right by n .
Formal logic comes in two main forms: propositional logic (which operates on statements that are true or false and uses logical connectives such as "and", "or", "not" and "implies") [79] and predicate logic (which also operates on objects, predicates and relations and uses quantifiers such as "Every X is a Y" and "There are some Xs that are Ys").
Prolog is a logic programming language that has its origins in artificial intelligence, automated theorem proving and computational linguistics. [1] [2] [3]Prolog has its roots in first-order logic, a formal logic, and unlike many other programming languages, Prolog is intended primarily as a declarative programming language: the program is a set of facts and rules, which define relations.
Associativity is only needed when the operators in an expression have the same precedence. Usually + and -have the same precedence. Consider the expression 7 - 4 + 2. The result could be either (7 - 4) + 2 = 5 or 7 - (4 + 2) = 1. The former result corresponds to the case when + and -are left-associative, the latter to when + and -are right ...
Negation (the logical complement), () " It is not the case that if it is raining then I wear my coat .", or equivalently, " Sometimes, when it is raining, I don't wear my coat ." If the negation is true, then the original proposition (and by extension the contrapositive) is false.
Some operators are represented with symbols – characters typically not allowed for a function identifier – to allow for presentation that is more familiar looking than typical function syntax. For example, a function that tests for greater-than could be named gt , but many languages provide an infix symbolic operator so that code looks more ...