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Ahmad ibn Hanbal [a] (Arabic: أَحْمَد بْن حَنْبَل, romanized: Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal; November 780 – 2 August 855) was a Muslim scholar, jurist, theologian, traditionist, ascetic and eponym of the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence—one of the four major orthodox legal schools of Sunni Islam. [5]
Christopher Melchert is an American professor and scholar of Islam, specialising in Islamic movements and institutions, especially during the ninth and tenth centuries. A prolific author, he is professor of Arabic and Islamic studies at the University of Oxford 's Oriental Institute , and is a Fellow in Arabic at Pembroke College, Oxford .
Shafi'i school of thought was founded in Baghdad by Imam Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'i (150 AH/766 AD - 204 AH/820 AD) and subsequently expanded in Egypt. [7] Hanbali school of thought was founded in Baghdad by Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (164 AH/780 AD - 241 AH/855 AD). [8] [9]
Al-Kaafi is one of the marvels of Islamic literature. It is from the series of literal accomplishments offered by the author, al-Imaam Ibn Qudamah al-Maqdisi. It is the third book in a series of four books that Ibn Qudamah wrote in order to gradually take a student of knowledge through the different levels of understanding.
The Mihna (Arabic: محنة خلق القرآن, romanized: miḥna khalaq al-qurʾān, lit. 'ordeal of Quranic createdness') (also known as the first Muslim inquisition) was a period of religious persecution instituted by the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun in 833 AD in which religious scholars were punished, imprisoned, or even killed [citation needed] unless they conformed to Muʿtazila doctrine.
Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hanbal was born in the month of Rabi I in the year 164 AH/ November 780 CE. [12] This was mentioned by his son Abd Allah. [13] [14] Ibn Hanbal's family was originally from Basra, and belonged to the Arab Banu Dhuhl tribe. His father was an officer in the Abbasid army in Khorasan and later settled with his family in Baghdad.
Ali ibn al-Madini (778–849) wrote The Book of Knowledge of the Companions: Ibn Hisham (died 833) wrote early history and As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography: Isma'il ibn Ja'far (719–775) Musa al-Kadhim (745–799) Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855) wrote Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and hadith books
Al-Khallal was a student of five of Ahmad ibn Hanbal's direct students, including Ibn Hanbal's son Abdullah. [2] His documentation on Ibn Hanbal's views eventually reached twenty volumes and ultimately led to the preservation of the Hanbali school of Islamic law. [3] He was considered the principal Hanbalite scholar of his time. [4]