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An example of an ester formation is the substitution reaction between a carboxylic acid (R−C(=O)−OH) and an alcohol (R'OH), forming an ester (R−C(=O)−O−R'), where R and R′ are organyl groups, or H in the case of esters of formic acid.
An ester of a carboxylic acid. R stands for any group (typically hydrogen or organyl) and R ′ stands for any organyl group. In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group (−OH) of that acid is replaced by an organyl group (R ′). [1]
Sulfate is an inert anion, so nature activates it by the formation of ester derivative of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) and 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). Many organisms utilize these reactions for metabolic purposes or for the biosynthesis of sulfur compounds required for life. [9]
The EWG removes electron density from a π system, making it less reactive in this type of reaction, [2] [3] and therefore called deactivating groups. EDGs and EWGs also determine the positions (relative to themselves) on the aromatic ring where substitution reactions are most likely to take place.
The most widely practised example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene. Approximately 24,700,000 tons were produced in 1999. [2] (After dehydrogenation and polymerization, the commodity plastic polystyrene is produced.) In this process, acids are used as catalyst to generate the incipient carbocation. Many other electrophilic reactions ...
This reaction is important in the history of organic chemistry because it helped prove the structure of ethers. The general reaction mechanism is as follows: [3] An example is the reaction of sodium ethoxide with chloroethane to form diethyl ether and sodium chloride: C 2 H 5 Cl + C 2 H 5 ONa → C 2 H 5 OC 2 H 5 + NaCl
The Darzens reaction (also known as the Darzens condensation or glycidic ester condensation) is the chemical reaction of a ketone or aldehyde with an α-haloester in the presence of a base to form an α,β-epoxy ester, also called a "glycidic ester". [1] [2] [3] This reaction was discovered by the organic chemist Auguste Georges Darzens in 1904 ...
Alcohol oxidation is a collection of oxidation reactions in organic chemistry that convert alcohols to aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The reaction mainly applies to primary and secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols form ketones, while primary alcohols form aldehydes or carboxylic acids. [1] A variety of oxidants can be used.